英語和漢語并列詞組大都按照固定順序排列,其組成詞的前后位置一般是不能顛倒的。例如:big and small(大小)、long and short(長短)、left and right(左右)、man and woman(男女)等。
在英語中,并列的兩個詞中間一定要有連詞and,不可省略;而在漢語里,并列兩個詞中間的連詞可有可無,能夠省略。
一般來說,英語和漢語并列詞組都是按照一定邏輯規律排列的,拿來就可以相互直譯。但是,漢語在漫長的使用過程中形成了一些特殊的、約定俗成的并列詞組,在翻譯成英語時需要格外注意。
第一,有些英語和漢語并列詞組遵從“主從模式”(master-slave mode),按照地位或重要程度的高低順序排列。但是,漢語的“身心”是逆向排列的。譯成英語需根據“心”支配“身”的順序說mind and body。例如:
1. 腦研究表明,身心之間有復雜的相互作用。Brain research shows that there is a complex interplay between mind and body.
2. 戶外運動使我們身心強健。Outdoor exercise makes us strong in mind and body.
3. 你需要充足的睡眠以使你疲憊的身心再度充電。You need sufficient sleep to recharge your tired mind and body.
第二,有些英語和漢語并列詞組遵從“線性模式”(linear mode),按照產生或發生的先后順序排列。但是,漢語的“鋼鐵”是逆向排列的。譯成英語需根據先產出“鐵”,后產出“鋼”的順序說iron and steel。例如:
4. 一座新的鋼鐵廠將在這個煤田附近修建。A new iron and steel works/ factory will be built near the coal fields.
5. 中國鋼鐵工業仍在不斷取得新的發展。In China, new developments in the iron and steel industry are still coming forward.
漢語的“遲早”雖與“早晚”同義,卻是逆向排列的。譯成英語需根據先“早”后“遲”的順序說sooner and later。例如:
6. 這位駕車者知道:如果他粗心駕車,遲早/早晚會發生事故。The driver knows that if he drives carelessly, an accident will happen sooner or later.
7. 古話說,壞人遲早/早晚要遭報應。As an old saying goes, the evildoers are bound to be punished sooner or later.
8. 這個盜車賊遲早/早晚會被警方逮捕去坐班房。Sooner or later, the car thief will be caught by the police and put in prison.
漢語的“死活”雖與“生死”同義,卻是逆向排列的。由于“活”和“死”只能二選一,譯成英語時需在中間加連詞or,根據先“活”后“死”的順序排列,即live or die、life or death或alive or dead。例如:
9. 這個邪惡的老板從來不顧他工人的死活。The vicious boss never cared whether his workers should live or die.
10. 這個貪官挪用修河壩的基金,全然不顧百姓的死活。The corrupt official embezzled the funds for building a dam across the river, totally disregarding the life or death of the common people.
11. 當這個煤礦發生瓦斯爆炸時,煤礦主一點兒也不在乎礦工們的死活。When there occurred a gas explosion in the coal mine, its owner didn’t care whether the coal miners were alive or dead.
第三,有些英語并列詞組遵從“語音模式”(phonetic mode),按照單詞音節從少到多,或單詞從短到長的順序排列,避免讀起來讓人有頭重腳輕的感覺。漢語說“文學藝術”或“文藝”,英語卻說art and literature。例如:
12. 文學和藝術相互交集、相互影響的歷史十分悠久。Art and literature have a long history of intersecting and influencing one another.
13. 文藝作品所描述的生活可能比現實生活更具有代表性。Life as depicted in works of art and literature may be more representative than real life.
14. 這位評論家不贊成低估文藝的重要性。The critic doesn’t favour underestimating the importance of art and literature.
第四,有些英語和漢語并列詞組遵從“正面-負面模式”(positive-negative mode),按照單詞意義由正面到負面,或由褒義到貶義的順序排列。但是,漢語的“異同”是逆向排列的。譯成英語需按照從正面意義到負面意義的順序說similarity and dissimilarity。例如:
15. 這位哲學教授給學生們詳細地分析了中西美學的異同。The professor of philosophy gave his students a detailed analysis of the similarities and dissimilarities between Chinese aesthetics and Western aesthetics.
16. 國際直接投資與國際風險投資的異同是什么?What are the similarities and dissimilarities between international direct investment and international risk investment?
漢語的“輸贏”雖與“勝負”同義,卻是逆向排列的。由于“輸”和“贏”只能二選一,譯成英語時需按照由褒義到貶義的順序排列,并在中間加連詞or,即win or lose或winning or losing。例如:
17. 這位高爾夫球員對他的對手說:“輸贏/勝負無關緊要。最重要的是我們的友誼。”The golf player said to his opponent, “To win or lose doesn’t matter. What is the most important is our friendship.”
18. 賭博是一種以偶然的決定來定輸贏的活動。Gambling is an activity of winning or losing by an occasional decision.
第五,英語和漢語表示方向的并列詞組遵從各自的“定向模式”(directional mode)。漢語的“東西南北”或“東南西北”,英語譯為north、south、east、west。例如:
19. 羅盤的基點是東、西、南、北。The cardinal points of the compass are north, south, east and west.
漢語的“南北”有兩個意思,其一是“南和北”,譯成英語要說north and south。例如:
20. 這個城市位居南北之間的交通樞紐,為各種重要物資的集散地。This city, situated at the transportation hub between north and south, is a distribution centre for all kinds of important goods and materials.
漢語“南北”的第二個意思是“從南到北”,譯成英語要說from north to south。例如:
21. 從最遠點算起,我國領土南北為5500公里,東西為5000公里。At the furthest points, our territory measures 5,500 kilometers from north to south and 5,000 kilometers from east to west.
22. 橫斷山脈為南北走向。The Hengduan Mountains run from north to south.
23. 這個公園東西3公里,南北5公里。This park is three kilometers across from east to west, and five kilometers from north to south.