為了追求簡潔效果,英語影視劇臺詞除了廣泛使用省略結構外,還經常使用縮略詞。
一般而言,影視劇專業性越強,臺詞中的縮略詞出現的頻率就越高。在醫療題材的影視劇里,我們不時聽到ICU(intensive care unit重癥監護室)、OR(operating room手術室)、ER(emergency room急診室)、EKG (electrocardiogram心電圖)等縮略詞。在刑偵題材的影視劇里,常用的縮略詞有OD(overdose服食藥物過量)、COD(cause of death死亡原因)、DOA(dead on arrival送到醫院時已死亡)、NYPD(New York Police Department紐約警察局)、pen(penitentiary監獄)等。
《指定幸存者》(Designated Survivor)是一部有關美國政治運作和反恐話題的電視劇,主人公是一位排位靠后、不受總統待見的住房和城市發展部部長。在國會山遭到恐怖分子毀滅性的襲擊后,作為總統指定繼承人的他稀里糊涂地登上了總統寶座。特別值得一提的是,這部電視劇的對白中有很多縮略詞。比如,爆炸發生后,美女特工Hannah Wells和FBI副局長Jason之間有下面的對話:
Jason: All right, listen up. No one comes in or out without tin. I want a secure perimeter, at least five blocks out. I want TSA (Transportation Security Administration) screening equipment installed now. Got it?(好了,都聽著:所有人一律憑警徽出入。要設立封鎖線,范圍至少5個街區。另外馬上安裝運輸安全管理局的安檢設備。清楚了嗎?)
Crowd: Yes, sir.(明白,長官。)
Jason: All right, back to work.(好,大家行動起來。)
Hannah: You’ll also want to send up thermal UAVs (unmanned air vehicles) and air sniffers to look for anything biological or radiological in the area.(還應該派出熱成像無人機和空氣嗅探器,檢查這個地方有沒有生化品和放射性物質。)
Jason: Hannah, you were supposed to report to HQ (headquarters).(漢娜,你應該報告總部才對。)
Hannah: I was 10 blocks away. Any survivors?(我正好在附近,只隔10個街區。有生還者嗎?)
Jason: No. Not yet. EMS (emergency medical service) is digging through the rubble. (沒有。到目前為止,還沒發現生還者。緊急救援人員正在廢墟中搜尋。)
Hannah: Make sure that Haz-Mat (hazardous materials) unit knows…(一定要通知危險爆炸物處理部門的人……)
Jason: Agent Wells, you’re SIOC (Strategic Information and Operations Center), okay? You’re not a field agent. I need you heading up a crisis team at the operations center.(韋爾斯探員,你在戰略信息與作戰中心,不是嗎?你不是外勤人員。我需要你在作戰中心,領導危機處理小組。)
Hannah: You don’t need me behind a computer. You need me here. I worked both bomb sites…(我不能守在電腦前。我該在現場,我經歷過兩次炸彈襲擊現場……)
Jason: Hannah…(漢娜……)
Hannah: On the ground in Brussels and Paris. I know what to look for. Jason, please. I need to be here. (一次在布魯塞爾,另一次在巴黎,我都在現場。我知道該怎么做。賈森,拜托了,你就讓我留在這里吧。)
在上面的對話中,TSA、EMS、HQ、UAVs還算較常見,但Haz-Mat和SIOC屬于較生僻的縮略詞。
英語影視劇中常見縮略詞的構成方式有:
一、截短詞
(1) Some impressive fitness reps (reports) here.(從報告上看,你的身體非常好。)——《伴我雄心》(G. I. Jane)
(2) Check the antenna for comms (communication) capability.(檢查一下天線,看通訊是否暢通。)——《伴我雄心》(G. I. Jane)
(3) Some bastard stole my chute (parachute).(哪個兔崽子偷了我的降落傘。)——《第二十二條軍規》(Catch-22)
(4) Give me the shock defib (defibrillator).(把除顫器給我。)——《生于七月四日》(Born on the Fourth of July)
(5) Get a doc.(叫醫生來。)——《生于七月四日》(Born on the Fourth of July)
(6) Empty a mag (magazine).(清空彈夾。)——《生于七月四日》(Born on the Fourth of July)
二、首字母縮略詞
由幾個詞的首字母構成,每個字母單獨讀出,如BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation)要讀成B—B—C。
(1) The CO (commanding officer) says I can. (指揮官說我可以。)——《伴我雄心》(G. I. Jane)
(2) Don’t BS (bullshit) me. I do not look great.(少跟我廢話,我一點兒也不帥氣。)——《歡樂一家親》(Frasier)
(3) Patty, see if this guy’s got a CB (civic band). Call an ambulance.(帕蒂,看這家伙有沒有民用波段頻率,快叫輛救護車。)——《激情交叉點》(Intersection)
(4) There is no such a thing as ESP (extra sensory perception). (不存在所謂的超感知覺。)——《所謂人生》(Life or Something Like It)
(5) Your, uh, your mother, worked on campus at UCSC (University of California at Santa Cruze), right?(你的……你媽媽在加利福尼亞大學圣克魯茲分校工作,對嗎?)——《心靈獵人》(Mindhunter)
三、縮寫詞
構成法同上面的首寫字母縮略詞,但讀音按正常單詞讀,如NATO應讀成 [?ne?t??]。
(1) He’s wearing a SWAT (special weapon and technique) uniform.(他穿的是特警制服。)——《頭號通緝犯》(Most Wanted)
(2) You need to walk out from this ASAP (as soon as possible).(這件事你最好不要惹上。或:這種事,你少管為好。)——《單身男子俱樂部》(Old School)
(3) RICOA (Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization Act).(反敲詐和賄賂組織法。)——《傲骨之戰》(The Good Fight)
四、拼綴詞
取詞組中的一部分,按正常詞讀。
(1) She is in pre-op (preparation of operation). (她只是參加預演而已。)——《楚門的世界》(The Truman Show)
(2) Excuse me, there’s call from the SecNav’s (SecNav = Secretary of Navy) office. (對不起,海軍司令部來電話。)——《伴我雄心》(G. I. Jane)
(3) I’ll brief the congressional leadership tomorrow evening at 5:00. At 7:00 o’clock, all United States’ Armed Forces worldwide stand up to DEFCON3 (DEFCON = defense condition).(明天下午5點,我會向國會做情況說明。7點,全球范圍的所有美國武裝力量進入3級戰備狀態。)——《驚爆十三天》(Thirteen Days)
(4) Your hanging out with the G-man (government man) just got us a good gig.(多虧你和政府部門的人有交情,我們得到了一份肥差。)——《神魂顛倒》(Head over Heels)
五、其他簡化形式
單詞簡化、詞組省略也可歸為縮略詞。
(1) This is my number (telephone number). Maybe we can get out for coffee sometime.(這是我的電話號碼,哪天有空,我們可以一起喝點咖啡什么的。)——《心靈捕手》(Good Will Hunting)
(2) You have to have blood (blood test) and urine (urine test)? What’s up? (你要做血液和尿樣化驗?你怎么了?)——《心靈捕手》(Good Will Hunting)
(3)Comfy (comfortable).(很舒服。)——《學警出更》(Police Academy)
(4) You know what that hanky (handkerchief) remind me of?(你知道那條手絹讓我想到什么嗎?)——《電子情書》(You’ve Got Mail)
(5) Here comes arty (artillery).(大炮來了。)——《越戰創傷》(Casualties of War)
(6) What’s the matter? You look so sad, hon (honey).(親愛的,出什么事了?你看上去氣色很不好。)——《死囚之舞》(Monster’s Ball)
英語縮略詞體量大、產生速度快、隨意性強。很多新出的縮略詞在傳統詞典中可能查不到。這時,我們只好求助于互聯網。至于那些過于生僻、過于專業的縮略詞,如能根據上下文猜出其大致意思,比如知道它是某個部門、某種藥品,即使不知道它的準確意思也并不影響我們對劇情的整體把握。
* 上海理工大學外語學院教師,上海理工大學公選課《影視英語面面觀》課程負責人,譯著有《黑暗之影》《金色男孩》《大哉滬江》等。本文選自其著作《魅力光影——英語影視劇臺詞聚焦》(上海交通大學出版社,2021),有改動。