


Research progress on preventive and therapeutic effect of dietary polyphenols for type 2 diabetes mellitus
NIU Lubin1, HAN Shifan1,2,3*, ZHAO Yiwen4, ZHU Ruifang1
1.Nursing College of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030001 China; 2.Shanxi Medical University Dietary Therapy Technology Research Center; 3.First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University; 4.Shanxi Medical Periodical Press Co., Ltd
*Corresponding Author" HAN Shifan, E?mail: shifan.han@sxmu.edu.cn
Abstract" To search the clinical trials of dietary polyphenols for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes and its complications over the past 5 years,and explore the effect of dietary polyphenols for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes and its complications based on the \"multi?targeted multi?component principle\".It's amied at providing a reference for the design of diabetes management diet formula and improvement of overall quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Keywords" " dietary polyphenols; type 2 diabetes mellitus; complication; preventive and therapeutic; dietary therapy; review
摘要" 通過檢索近5年膳食多酚防治2型糖尿病及其并發癥的臨床試驗研究,基于針對多靶點的多種成分原則探討膳食多酚防治2型糖尿病及其并發癥的作用,以期為設計糖尿病管理飲食配方,改善2型糖尿病病人整體生活質量提供參考。
關鍵詞" 膳食多酚;2型糖尿病;并發癥;防治;食療;綜述
doi:10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2024.22.013
2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)是一種以胰島素抵抗和β細胞功能障礙為特征的慢性代謝性疾病,占全球糖尿病病人的90%以上[1]。持續升高的血糖濃度使得大多數T2DM病人至少有1種并發癥,心血管并發癥是病人發病和死亡的主要原因之一[2]。T2DM發病逐漸呈年輕化趨勢,早發型T2DM病人β細胞功能惡化速度比晚發型病人快[3],其并發癥發生風險也更高。然而,目前尚無根治T2DM及其并發癥的特效藥物[4],而臨床常采用的抗糖尿病藥物和胰島素注射等措施的潛在副作用和耐藥性相關問題尚未解決[5],有必要尋求替代治療方法。近年來,許多來自天然植物的非營養物質因具有良好的療效和較小的副作用引起了研究者關注[6]。非營養素是不屬于營養素類別的物質,但在調節身體功能和預防疾病方面發揮著重要作用,其中的多酚是飲食中的主要非營養素[7?8]。流行病學證據表明,多酚可以降低T2DM患病風險,有利于T2DM的管理[9?10]。實驗結果表明,多酚具有多種治療功能活性,可以通過多種不同的途徑表現出抗糖尿病特性,在調節胰島素抵抗和葡萄糖穩態方面發揮著至關重要的作用[11]。廣泛的糖尿病嚙齒動物模型研究表明,膳食多酚在T2DM及其并發癥發生和進展方面扮演著重要角色[12]。目前,已有部分研究者對膳食多酚在人體中的安全性及有效性進行了驗證[13]。《中國糖尿病醫學營養治療指南(2022版)》[14]指出,植物化學物多酚可能通過其較強的抗炎、抗氧化等作用對T2DM及其并發癥起到一定的防治作用。越來越多的證據表明,多酚在T2DM及其并發癥的治療中具有相應效果[15]。鑒于此,有必要總結最新的臨床研究闡明其具體作用。現重點總結近5年膳食多酚管理和治療T2DM及其并發癥的臨床試驗進展,并提出可能的干預策略,以實現最佳的血糖控制,提高T2DM治療效果。
1" 膳食多酚的概述
1.1 多酚的定義
多酚最早可追溯至遠古時代,當時人類已經有意識地將植物多酚用于鞣制皮革,直至1981年,Haslam將其定義為“植物多酚”[16]。多酚是指含有芳香環和至少2個羥基的化學物質,是植物生長發育過程中產生并廣泛存在于植物體內的次級代謝產物,有利于植物防御非生物脅迫條件(如紫外線輻射和降水)、食草動物的攻擊及植物病原體的侵襲[17]。
1.2 膳食多酚的分類
植物性食物中有數百種多酚類化合物[18],其結構多樣,分布廣泛,分類方法多樣[19]。1)依據食物來源,膳食多酚可分為蔬果多酚、谷物多酚、豆類多酚和其他酚類等。蔬果多酚中目前研究較多的有蓮藕多酚、柑橘多酚及葡萄多酚等;谷物多酚尤其是彩色谷物如大米、大麥、燕麥和高粱中發現的多酚類化合物研究較為廣泛[20];豆類多酚中如豌豆、蕓豆、赤小豆生物學潛力較大,如何更好地促進開發和利用是研究熱點[21?23];其他酚類如茶、咖啡、可可、生姜等[24?27]對慢性病作用的分子機制和生物學標志物研究也被逐步探索。2)根據化學結構,國內外天然多酚有不同的分類,但大體相似。同時,膳食多酚類化合物也可分為酚類單體和聚合多酚,酚類單體包括黃酮類和非黃酮類化合物,而聚合多酚是由單體聚合的低聚或多聚物,統稱為單寧[28]。酚類單體中黃酮類化合物包括黃酮醇、黃酮、黃烷醇、黃烷酮、異黃酮和花青素,黃酮醇是最常見的黃酮類化合物[7]。非黃酮類化合物包括酚酸、二苯乙烯和木脂素類[29?30],酚酸又分為羥基苯甲酸和羥基肉桂酸2種類型[31],羥基肉桂酸比羥基苯甲酸更常見。二苯乙烯類化合物中白藜蘆醇是研究最多的天然化合物,紅葡萄和葡萄酒是最常見的白藜蘆醇來源[32],詳見表1。
1.3 膳食多酚的代謝和生理作用
多酚是植物在生長過程中及應對環境脅迫效應產生,日光、土壤類型、降水等條件均會對食物多酚含量產生影響[33]。當食用植物性食物時,部分酚類生物活性物質可能溶解在胃和小腸中,部分酚類生物活性物質通過小腸黏膜吸收,其余在大腸中由腸道菌群轉化為其他酚類衍生物吸收,從而產生代謝和全身效應[34]。據估計,90%~95%的膳食酚類物質不是在小腸中吸收,而是積聚在大腸腔中,腸道微生物群將其轉化為活性代謝物,從而產生健康保護的功能[35]。此外,食物中多種膳食因子也會影響多酚在體內的吸收、分布、代謝和排泄[36]。如上所述,膳食多酚的生物功效取決于原始食物基質、特定的食品加工及消化吸收過程[37]。多酚類物質進入細胞會引發全身性和組織特異性效應,產生多個治療靶點的作用。目前研究較多的多酚生物活性包括5類。1)強大的抗氧化活性:通過清除自由基、調節核因子E2相關因子2(Nrf2)/抗氧化反應元件(ARE)信號通路及調節超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽?S轉移酶(GST)等酶實現;2)抗炎作用:通過各種機制,如調節核因子κB(NF?κB)、絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)和磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/蛋白激酶B(PI3K/Akt)細胞信號通路或抑制炎癥反應的關鍵調節因子腫瘤壞死因子?α(TNF?α)、白細胞介素?6(IL?6)以及滅活促炎酶脂氧合酶(LOX)和環氧合酶(COX)等實現;3)抗增殖作用:通過改變氧化還原狀態影響基本細胞功能,即細胞周期、細胞凋亡、血管生成、炎癥、侵襲和轉移;4)表觀遺傳調節;5)抗菌及抗病毒等[30,38?40]。膳食多酚通過抗氧化、抗炎癥、調節代謝發揮對T2DM的預防控制作用,與韓世范教授提出的非營養素防治慢性病的食療理論模型——家庭護士食療理論[41]一致。
2" 膳食多酚對T2DM的緩解作用
異常的蛋白質加工、氧化應激和促炎細胞因子引發炎癥級聯反應共同導致了外周低度慢性炎癥和胰島素抵抗(IR),引發T2DM[42]。膳食多酚可以通過靶向多種途徑調節代謝,Shahwan等[43]綜述了膳食多酚對抗T2DM及IR的作用機制。Rienks等[44]分析了18項關于多酚與T2DM間關聯的前瞻性流行病學研究,進一步證明富含多酚(尤其是黃酮類化合物)的飲食在預防T2DM方面發揮著巨大作用。Kosmalski等[45]評估了129例T2DM病人膳食多酚攝入與選定代謝及炎癥標志物間的關系,采用食物頻率問卷估計食物中多酚含量,利用中值劃分多酚攝入的高低,低多酚含量攝入平均為958 mg/d時,類黃酮含量為406 mg/d;高多酚含量攝入平均為2 076 mg/d時,類黃酮含量為1 101 mg/d,結果表明,多酚類物質的攝入可能會調節空腹血糖(FBS)水平,并對糖化血紅蛋白(HbA1c)產生影響;與類黃酮攝入較低的組別相比,高類黃酮攝入組病人FBS水平顯著降低,且FBS與總多酚、類黃酮、黃烷?3?醇和二苯乙烯的攝入量呈負相關。食物多酚的攝取情況主要受攝入食物的種類、頻率和數量影響,近年來使用多酚在T2DM病人中進行干預的隨機對照試驗相關信息見表2。
來自蜂膠、石榴、樹莓(覆盆子)、蒔蘿(土茴香)、小麥胚芽、藍莓、椰棗、越橘、特級初榨橄欖油的多酚及姜黃素、白藜蘆醇、染料木黃酮、鞣花酸可以通過減輕氧化損傷、減少炎癥因子的產生、提高脂聯素水平、增加葡萄糖向組織的轉移、抑制糖類消化酶活性、降低胰島素抵抗發揮抗T2DM的作用。盡管已有干預研究持續時間不等,樣本量不一,但均評估了氧化應激、炎癥、胰島素敏感性相關結局指標,并證實了多酚在T2DM臨床試驗中的多種生理活性且未表現出明顯的副作用。
從種類來看,水果是近年來干預研究中應用于T2DM病人較多的膳食多酚來源,水果中的漿果因含有高濃度的多酚而備受關注[60],如石榴、樹莓、藍莓等。石榴不同部位的成分顯示出治療包括T2DM在內的多種疾病和病癥的潛力[58],在石榴皮和石榴果實的其他部位檢測到近48種酚類成分[61]。石榴汁含大量的可溶性多酚,主要包括花青素和單寧。Sohrab等[47]研究表明,每日飲用200 mL石榴汁(含有2 125 mg/L總多酚和3 851 g/mL的總黃酮),持續6周,可降低T2DM病人血壓。Nemati等[62]評估了石榴汁攝入和有氧訓練對中年男性T2DM病人胰島素抵抗、血清肝酶的單獨和聯合影響,結果顯示,連續8周、每日飲用240 mL石榴汁可以降低T2DM病人體重、體質指數(BMI)、體脂、腰臀比、胰島素抵抗及ALT、AST、γ?谷氨酰氨基轉移酶,有益于T2DM病人血糖水平改善及并發癥預防。表明石榴汁有利于改善T2DM參數,其占石榴果實總質量的40%且常被認為是廢物的石榴皮也是多酚的豐富來源[63]。已有研究表明,石榴皮提取物具有減輕T2DM病人炎癥、氧化應激以及降低血糖、血脂、血壓的潛力,其在降低T2DM病人心血管并發癥風險方面發揮著潛在作用。石榴富含強大的生物活性成分,可能是飲食中抗氧化劑的重要來源[64]。與其他漿果相比,樹莓提取物在抑制α淀粉酶方面最有效,其不僅纖維素含量高,花青素和鞣花單寧含量也較高[60]。原花青素是α淀粉酶活性的重要抑制劑,是降低餐后血糖的假定機制之一。Schell等[48]以肥胖的T2DM成年病人為研究對象,每日在其飲食中添加樹莓,對其餐后和干預4周時的血糖、血脂和炎癥生物標志物進行檢驗,結果顯示,與不添加樹莓的病人相比,添加樹莓的T2DM病人餐后2 h和4 h的血糖水平降低,餐后4 h的IL?6和TNF?α血清生物標志物水平較低,補充250 g紅樹莓(343 mg多酚)4周后檢驗結果顯示,病人IL?6和TNF?α水平仍受到影響且收縮壓呈下降趨勢,但病人血糖、血脂和CRP受影響不明顯。可見,樹莓可以降低餐后高血糖和炎癥,并對T2DM成年病人具有特定的抗炎作用[65]。
已有研究中多種食物來源的白藜蘆醇對T2DM血糖和脂質代謝的影響研究結果不一。Gu等[66]對2021年8月以前白藜蘆醇對T2DM病人代謝指標影響的隨機對照試驗進行系統評價,涉及1 151例T2DM病人,結果表明白藜蘆醇可以降低SBP、DBP,大劑量白藜蘆醇(≥1 000 mg)可以降低T2DM病人的空腹血糖。鑒于不同劑量的白藜蘆醇具有不同效應,García?Martínez等[67]對2022年1月以前的17項臨床試驗進行系統評價,結果顯示,lt;250 mg/d、250~500 mg/d和gt;500~1 000 mg/d的白藜蘆醇均可降低45~59歲病人的血糖水平,而僅有250~500 mg/d的白藜蘆醇可以降低60歲以上病人的血糖水平。2023年,García?Martínez等[59]又對97例老年T2DM病人進行隨機臨床試驗,觀察到高劑量(1 000 mg/d)白藜蘆醇的抗氧化作用高于中劑量(500 mg/d)白藜蘆醇,且高劑量白藜蘆醇的SIRT1水平增高。高劑量白藜蘆醇激活SIRT1的能力更強,而SIRT1可刺激AMP依賴的蛋白激酶(AMPK),負向調節煙酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADPH)氧化酶,并誘導SOD表達增加,從而減輕氧化損傷,改善胰島素抵抗并調節代謝穩態。
3" 膳食多酚對T2DM慢性并發癥的緩解作用
T2DM病人長期持續的慢性高血糖水平會導致其活性氧升高進而激活信號通路,如晚期糖基化終產物(AGE)、蛋白激酶C(PKC)、多元醇和己糖胺通路,激活的信號通路觸發氧化應激、炎癥和細胞凋亡導致慢性并發癥發生,如微血管并發癥和大血管并發癥[68]。微血管并發癥如T2DM病人的腎臟、神經和視網膜中的小動脈受損,可能導致腎臟、神經病變和視網膜病變。大血管并發癥會導致大動脈和心臟功能的損傷和破壞,器官受損。血糖控制不佳及糖尿病病程較長等是發生T2DM慢性并發癥的重要危險因素,嚴格控制以上危險因素有利于延緩或預防T2DM相關并發癥的發生。目前,關于多酚對T2DM的直接預防作用研究較多,對T2DM并發癥的臨床保護作用研究有限[69]。多酚對T2DM的病理生理機制有顯著調節作用,提示其對慢性病并發癥的預防和治療具有潛力。目前針對糖尿病慢性并發癥治療的膳食多酚類物質主要有白藜蘆醇、姜黃素和綠茶多酚等。
糖尿病腎病(DKD)是糖尿病最嚴重和最常見的并發癥之一。微量白蛋白尿是進行性糖尿病腎病的早期標志物,任何預防或治療微量白蛋白尿的干預均可以延緩終末期腎病。一項雙盲、隨機、安慰劑對照臨床試驗發現,T2DM蛋白尿病人在服用氯沙坦的基礎上每日攝入500 mg的白藜蘆醇,3個月后尿白蛋白/肌酐比率降低,血清抗氧化酶活性顯著提高,在考慮人體測量學、血糖指標等混雜變量后,白藜蘆醇在減少尿白蛋白排泄方面的作用仍然顯著[70],這可能與其抗氧化、抗炎活性有關。此外,補充姜黃素也有利于改善糖尿病腎病病人的腎功能、血脂、血壓和空腹血糖。Zhao等[71]就姜黃素對糖尿病腎病影響的隨機對照試驗進行系統評價,結果顯示,補充姜黃素可改善血清肌酐、TC、SBP、FBS水平,可能對糖尿病腎病有巨大的潛在作用。
姜黃素的血糖管理作用不僅有利于糖尿病腎病病人的護理,還對T2DM病人糖尿病感覺運動性多發性神經病(DSPN)具有積極影響。DSPN是糖尿病最常見的并發癥之一,可導致病人四肢活動能力受損。一項臨床試驗研究了補充納米姜黃素對T2DM病人DSPN嚴重程度的影響,納米姜黃素是將姜黃素封裝在納米顆粒中,其生物利用度相對更高,研究將80例病人隨機分配到80 mg納米姜黃素組或安慰劑組進行干預,8周后干預組FBS、HbA1c、神經病變總分、總反射評分和體溫均降低,表明補充姜黃素減輕了T2DM病人DSPN的嚴重程度[72]。
膳食多酚類化合物不僅在糖尿病微血管并發癥中發揮著至關重要的作用,也在早期大血管損害如內皮功能障礙、動脈粥樣硬化斑塊形成等中發揮輔助預防或緩解疾病的作用。晚期糖基化終末產物是人體內還原糖與蛋白或脂質發生的不可逆反應所形成的非酶糖基化反應最終產物[73],隨著晚期糖基化終末產物在血管內皮的積聚和晚期糖基化終末產物受體(RAGE)的激活,氧化應激和炎癥激活導致內皮功能障礙,最終導致過早的動脈粥樣硬化[68]。綠茶提取物具有抗晚期糖基化終末產物活性。Quezada?Fernández等[74]進行了一項隨機、雙盲、安慰劑對照試驗,評估了綠茶提取物(總多酚≥90%)對T2DM病人動脈硬化參數——中樞動脈反射波增強指數(cAIx)、身體成分和可溶性RAGE水平的影響,干預12周后,綠茶提取物組cAIx降低,表明綠茶提取物在防治T2DM并發癥方面可輔助發揮積極作用。
4" 膳食多酚對T2DM及其并發癥的干預策略
4.1 關注膳食多酚,加強膳食管理
血糖控制不佳預示著更高的糖尿病相關并發癥和死亡風險,更好地進行代謝調節有利于糖尿病管理。膳食多酚干預具有安全性,有利于T2DM及其并發癥的治療。目前的食品和營養模型主要是基于宏量營養素含量和總能量估算設計,忽略了植物性食物中其他營養和生物活性成分的重要性,如保護健康的酚類生物活性物質。家庭護士食療理論是關于非營養素的食療理論,關注到了非營養素對慢性病的重要作用,該理論模型可為T2DM病人的非營養素食療干預方案制定提供指導,對疾病的控制、治療和預后有積極意義。
4.2 提高生物利用度,發揮膳食多酚的協同作用
目前被發現的多酚類化合物已有8 000多種,在評估多酚對T2DM病人的干預效果時,還需考慮干預措施是否基于全食物、純化提取物或分離化合物的攝入[75]。多酚類化合物間可以相互發生作用,如木耳多酚的兩個重要組成成分綠原酸與槲皮素復合成分比單一成分抗炎效果更好,說明二者之間存在著協同抗炎效應[76];膳食多酚也可與人類飲食中的脂質、糖類、蛋白質等物質組合表現出相加、協同或拮抗的抗氧化作用,如樹莓和小豆提取物結合可表現出多重協同作用[77]。與單個漿果相比,越橘、蔓越莓、接骨木果、樹莓和草莓的混合物表現出更高的抗氧化能力[78]。Pan等[79]評估了親水性植物化學物質和親脂性植物化學物質組合在不同摩爾比條件下的抗氧化相互作用,結果表明,親水性植物化學物質比例較高的組別表現出協同作用,提示在設計功能性食品、日常膳食搭配時要重視酚類等植物化學物的相互作用規律。為更好地研究多酚類化學物質間的協同降糖作用,應建立一個綜合模型篩選協同物質、進行協同效應量化和協同機制評價等[80],如可在家庭護士食療理論指導下研發抗炎、代謝調節等相互作用的評價方法,為T2DM膳食搭配提供理論依據和指導。此外,多酚類化合物具有多個治療靶點和作用,持續存在于結腸中的多酚類物質可以改變腸道微生物群,影響其代謝產物的產生,靶向腸道、肝臟、胰腺等多種途徑發揮抗氧化、抗炎、調節代謝如胰島素抵抗等多種作用。通過協同研究模型和網絡藥理學、代謝組學方式等進一步評估膳食多酚與其他食物的相互作用,確定其在體內研究的多靶點作用機制及效果,改善或最大化膳食多酚與其他食品化合物的協同能力,有利于設計治療T2DM及其并發癥的膳食配方。
4.3 探索富含多酚的飲食模式或功能食品
關于多酚的臨床試驗多為補充單種食物的效果評估,但飲食的綜合性影響也不容忽視。Condezo?Hoyos等[81]納入了5項研究進行系統評價,結果發現,不同研究間飲食設計存在實質性差異,所有研究的每日多酚攝入量中位數為2 564 mg,水果、蔬菜、飲料和可可制品是主要的膳食多酚來源;且不同研究向參與者提供的飲食指導存在較大差異,如要求參與者每日必須食用特定的食物組合或每日食用自己選擇的富含多酚的食物以及使用預先準備好的膳食。不同研究中食用多酚的類型和數量存在差異,研究者可根據T2DM具體特點提出特定的多酚攝入量、多酚種類,根據不同地區特色產品確定地域性的膳食多酚攝入建議。同時,在現有生物技術工具幫助下,海洋多酚也在被不斷探索,其穩定性好于陸地植物,使得飲食更加豐富、健康。此外,對地域性的單種食物或化合物進行深入研究,通過納米封裝遞送系統等途徑提高其生物利用度,進一步研究基于功能性食品組合的膳食,也可對T2DM及并發癥發揮保護作用。
5" 小結
膳食多酚對T2DM有特定的健康保護效應,但對其并發癥治療的潛力數據仍有限。膳食多酚對T2DM及其并發癥的影響程度、在不同臨床試驗間的變異、每日飲食中最佳攝入量等問題仍有待進一步探索,未來應進行更多的干預研究探索膳食多酚及其相互作用對T2DM的效果,進一步明確多酚在T2DM病人中的作用,為設計合理的、富含多酚的飲食方案提供參考。根據當前飲食建議,T2DM病人可每日食用富含天然多酚的食物和飲料作為改善其血糖指標和生活質量的輔助策略。
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(收稿日期:2023-10-31;修回日期:2024-10-27)
(本文編輯 陳瓊)