摘 "要""孤獨(dú)癥譜系障礙(Autism spectrum disorder, ASD)是一組高度復(fù)雜的神經(jīng)發(fā)育障礙。ASD患病率日趨升高、異質(zhì)性強(qiáng)、會(huì)造成終生影響, 但其神經(jīng)病理機(jī)制仍不清楚。磁共振多模態(tài)腦影像為揭示ASD的影像學(xué)腦機(jī)制提供了新的手段。基于單模態(tài)磁共振腦影像的研究已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了ASD在大腦結(jié)構(gòu)、功能及腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)層面都表現(xiàn)出了廣泛的異常, 其異常區(qū)域包括了杏仁核、梭狀回、眶額皮層、內(nèi)側(cè)前額葉、前扣帶、顳頂聯(lián)合區(qū)以及腦島等, 這些腦區(qū)大多都涉及到了“社會(huì)腦”網(wǎng)絡(luò)。雖然圖像級(jí)融合、特征級(jí)融合、決策級(jí)融合的多模態(tài)腦影像分析框架在揭示被試神經(jīng)機(jī)制過(guò)程中提供了多維度、多層級(jí)的信息, 但是基于多模態(tài)磁共振腦影像融合的ASD研究還處于起步階段。基于磁共振腦影像的ASD輔助診斷及亞型劃分有望為臨床診療提供客觀依據(jù)。未來(lái)的研究可以構(gòu)建一個(gè)融合多模態(tài)腦影像的分析框架, 結(jié)合大腦功能、結(jié)構(gòu)以及網(wǎng)絡(luò)等多維度信息, 全面刻畫(huà)ASD發(fā)生發(fā)展規(guī)律, 揭示其非典型神經(jīng)發(fā)育機(jī)制。除此之外, 未來(lái)的研究需要深入挖掘ASD “社會(huì)腦”網(wǎng)絡(luò)異常機(jī)制, 探索ASD社交障礙環(huán)路, 尋找潛在精準(zhǔn)神經(jīng)調(diào)控靶點(diǎn), 助力臨床實(shí)現(xiàn)ASD精準(zhǔn)診療。
關(guān)鍵詞""孤獨(dú)癥譜系障礙, 多模態(tài)磁共振, 大腦功能和結(jié)構(gòu), 輔助診斷, 亞型分類
分類號(hào)""B845
1""引言
孤獨(dú)癥譜系障礙(Autism spectrum disorder, ASD)是一組患病率日趨升高、高異質(zhì)性且嚴(yán)重影響兒童健康的神經(jīng)發(fā)育障礙。ASD的核心癥狀表現(xiàn)為社交溝通障礙、興趣狹窄以及重復(fù)刻板行為, 同時(shí)可能伴有感知覺(jué)異常等癥狀(Lai et al., 2014)。美國(guó)疾控中心最新發(fā)布數(shù)據(jù)顯示, ASD的發(fā)病率約為1/36 (Maenner et al., 2023)。我國(guó)雖缺少全國(guó)性的ASD發(fā)病率調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù), 但2022年發(fā)布的《中國(guó)孤獨(dú)癥教育康復(fù)發(fā)展?fàn)顩r報(bào)告IV》顯示我國(guó)的ASD發(fā)病率約為1% (王培實(shí), 2022)。由此推算, 在我國(guó), ASD人群已超1000萬(wàn)。ASD已經(jīng)成為日趨嚴(yán)重的全球公共衛(wèi)生健康問(wèn)題。
現(xiàn)階段, ASD的發(fā)病機(jī)制還不清楚。現(xiàn)有研究表明ASD是多種因素共同作用的結(jié)果, 包括了遺傳因素、神經(jīng)發(fā)育問(wèn)題、環(huán)境因素、免疫系統(tǒng)異常、神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)失衡等(Keil amp; Lein, 2016; Livingston amp; Happé, 2017; Quesnel-Vallieres et al., 2019; Won et al., 2013)。隨著神經(jīng)科學(xué)和人工智能技術(shù)的不斷進(jìn)步, 磁共振腦影像為揭示ASD的神經(jīng)影像機(jī)制提供了新的視角, 有望為實(shí)現(xiàn)ASD精準(zhǔn)診療提供客觀依據(jù)(Duan amp; Chen, 2022)。過(guò)去十多年, 研究人員利用結(jié)構(gòu)磁共振成像(structural magnetic resonance imaging, sMRI)、功能磁共振成像(functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI)、彌散張量成像(diffusion tensor mapping, DTI)、磁共振波譜成像(magnetic resonance spectrum, MRS)等手段, 從多個(gè)角度揭示了ASD大腦灰質(zhì)、白質(zhì)、大腦激活、功能連接、大尺度腦功能網(wǎng)絡(luò)等指標(biāo)的異常(Duan et al., 2020; Guo et al., 2019; Guo et al.,"2021; He et al., 2018; He et al., 2021; Yeh et al., 2022; Zhao, Yang, et al., 2022)。基于以往的發(fā)現(xiàn), 研究人員提出了杏仁核理論、社交動(dòng)機(jī)理論、鏡像神經(jīng)元系統(tǒng)理論等假說(shuō)來(lái)解釋ASD的異常(Baron-Cohen et al., 2000; Chevallier et al., 2012; Hamilton, 2008)。另外, 隨著信息融合技術(shù)的不斷進(jìn)步, 研究人員嘗試將多模態(tài)磁共振腦影像融合起來(lái), 多層級(jí)、全方位、多角度對(duì)疾病進(jìn)行表征, 以此來(lái)達(dá)到用于臨床診斷和治療評(píng)估的目的(He et al., 2020; Hirjak et al., 2022; Maglanoc et al., 2020; Park et al., 2021; Weng et al., 2020)。例如, Park等人融合功能連接及結(jié)構(gòu)連接, 基于黎曼優(yōu)化算法探究了ASD結(jié)構(gòu)與功能耦合的關(guān)系, 發(fā)現(xiàn)ASD結(jié)構(gòu)功能耦合差異反映了ASD癥狀的個(gè)體差異(Park et al., 2023)。Kim等人基于T1加權(quán)成像和DTI的特征建立了ASD輔助診斷模型, 分類準(zhǔn)確率達(dá)到了88.8%。
無(wú)論是基于單模態(tài)的研究, 還是多模態(tài)融合的研究都加深了我們對(duì)ASD大腦影像學(xué)神經(jīng)機(jī)制的理解, 但是他們都有各自的優(yōu)勢(shì)和不足。單模態(tài)腦影像研究雖然分析手段簡(jiǎn)單明了、聚焦于特定的研究問(wèn)題, 但是無(wú)法捕捉到模態(tài)之間的互補(bǔ)的信息, 無(wú)法多層級(jí)、全方位探索ASD大腦的功能與結(jié)構(gòu)的異常機(jī)制。多模態(tài)腦影像融合雖然整合了多維度信息, 但是也面臨著融合難、可解釋性差等問(wèn)題, 而且多模態(tài)腦影像融合的分析框架在ASD研究中的應(yīng)用并不廣泛。因此, 本文評(píng)述了現(xiàn)階段ASD單模態(tài)腦影像研究的發(fā)現(xiàn), 從圖像級(jí)融合、特征級(jí)融合及決策級(jí)融合三個(gè)層面梳理了多模態(tài)腦影像融合方法及在ASD研究中的初步應(yīng)用, 總結(jié)了現(xiàn)有ASD磁共振腦影像研究的優(yōu)勢(shì)和不足, 并在文章最后提出了對(duì)未來(lái)研究的思考和展望, 為后續(xù)ASD腦影像及其他精神疾病或神經(jīng)發(fā)育障礙的研究提供重要支撐。
2 "ASD單模態(tài)腦影像研究
磁共振成像技術(shù)因其無(wú)輻射、無(wú)侵入性、高分辨率等優(yōu)勢(shì), 在ASD研究中得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。以往的研究不但探究了結(jié)構(gòu)和功能影像在局部特征的異常, 而且從網(wǎng)絡(luò)水平探究了結(jié)構(gòu)網(wǎng)絡(luò)或者功能網(wǎng)絡(luò)的異常。通常, 這些異常與ASD的臨床特征表現(xiàn)出了一定的關(guān)聯(lián)性, 這對(duì)理解ASD的起因、神經(jīng)機(jī)制以及促進(jìn)早期診斷和指導(dǎo)康復(fù)治療都具有重要意義。
2.1 "ASD腦影像局部異常研究
2.1.1 "ASD結(jié)構(gòu)影像局部特征異常研究
結(jié)構(gòu)影像學(xué)研究通常采用T1加權(quán)成像和DTI, 其中T1加權(quán)成像常被用來(lái)測(cè)量大腦的灰質(zhì)體積以及皮層厚度等形態(tài)學(xué)指標(biāo), 而DTI常被用來(lái)評(píng)估大腦白質(zhì)纖維束的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)以及傳導(dǎo)通路。
基于T1加權(quán)成像的研究報(bào)告了ASD兒童相較于典型發(fā)育(typically developing, TD)在右側(cè)角回、左側(cè)額中回、左側(cè)額上回、左側(cè)楔前葉、左側(cè)枕下回、右側(cè)顳下回表現(xiàn)出了增加的灰質(zhì)體積; 在左側(cè)小腦以及左側(cè)中央后回表現(xiàn)出了降低的灰質(zhì)體積; 而且發(fā)現(xiàn)右側(cè)角回增加的灰體積與ASD的重復(fù)刻板行為顯著相關(guān)(Liu et al., 2017)。也有研究表明, ASD成年人相較于TD在右側(cè)枕下回、左側(cè)梭狀回、右側(cè)顳中回、雙側(cè)杏仁核、右側(cè)額下回、右側(cè)眶額皮層以及左腹內(nèi)側(cè)前額葉都表現(xiàn)出了降低的灰質(zhì)體積(Sato et al., 2017)。同時(shí), Yang等人發(fā)現(xiàn)ASD成年人相較于TD在左側(cè)顳中回、左側(cè)顳上回、左側(cè)海馬旁回以及右側(cè)中央后回表現(xiàn)出顯著升高的灰質(zhì)體積, 而在右側(cè)小腦、左側(cè)前扣帶顯著降低的灰質(zhì)體積(Yang et al., 2016)。梳理這些異常區(qū)域可以發(fā)現(xiàn), 灰質(zhì)體積的異常區(qū)域與默認(rèn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)(default model network, DMN) 有很大的重疊。DMN被認(rèn)為是參與內(nèi)省和自我反思的主要網(wǎng)絡(luò)之一, 在記憶以及情感調(diào)節(jié)等過(guò)程中都扮演著重要的角色(Raichle et al., 2001; Sheline et al., 2009)。ASD在DMN區(qū)域的異常可能導(dǎo)致其在自我認(rèn)知等方面存在問(wèn)題, 進(jìn)而影響他們對(duì)社交互動(dòng)的參與和感知(Padmanabhan et al.,"2017; Washington et al., 2014)。除此之外, 基于T1加權(quán)成像的研究還報(bào)告了ASD兒童及青少年在大腦左半球表現(xiàn)出大范圍顯著增加的皮層厚度, 而ASD成年人在額葉表現(xiàn)出了降低的皮層厚度(Khundrakpam et al., 2017; Premika S.W. Boedhoe et al., 2020)。
研究所使用的被試數(shù)量以及ASD的異質(zhì)性可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致部分研究結(jié)果不一致。同時(shí), ASD是一組神經(jīng)發(fā)育障礙, 年齡是主導(dǎo)研究結(jié)果的主要因素。回顧以往的研究發(fā)現(xiàn), ASD在不同年齡段都表現(xiàn)出了大腦灰質(zhì)體積和皮層厚度偏離TD發(fā)育軌跡的模式(Khundrakpam et al., 2017; Koolschijn amp; Geurts, 2016; van Rooij et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2017; Yamasaki et al., 2010; Zabihi et al., 2019; Zhao,"Zhu,"et al., 2022)。研究人員由此推測(cè), ASD在早期表現(xiàn)出了過(guò)度發(fā)育, 而在兒童后期表現(xiàn)出了生長(zhǎng)減緩甚至停滯發(fā)育, 在此之后表現(xiàn)出了大腦灰質(zhì)體積和皮層厚度加速衰減現(xiàn)象(Lange et al., 2015; Zielinski et al., 2014)。因此, 后續(xù)的研究需要建立一個(gè)發(fā)育的框架去探究ASD形態(tài)學(xué)的異常。
各向異性分?jǐn)?shù)(fractional anisotropy, FA)常常在DTI研究中被用來(lái)刻畫(huà)大腦白質(zhì)纖維的完整性。FA值降低反映了大腦白質(zhì)纖維束組織結(jié)構(gòu)完整性受損。對(duì)于ASD兒童以及成人, 大部分研究都發(fā)現(xiàn)ASD相較于TD表現(xiàn)出了降低的FA, 其中降低的區(qū)域包括了腹內(nèi)側(cè)前額葉皮層、眶額、前扣帶回、顳頂聯(lián)合區(qū)、雙側(cè)顳上溝、顳枕束、胼胝體(Alexander et al., 2007; Barnea-Goraly et al., 2004; Haigh et al., 2020; Lee et al., 2007; Pardini et"al., 2009; Sundaram et al., 2008; Temur et al., 2019)。但是也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn), ASD兒童在左側(cè)內(nèi)囊后肢、胼胝體膝部、胼胝體壓部、左側(cè)外囊表現(xiàn)出了升高的FA; ASD青少年在額葉、右側(cè)扣帶回、雙側(cè)腦島、右側(cè)顳上回、雙側(cè)小腦中腳表現(xiàn)出了升高的FA (Bashat et al., 2007)。除了FA, 平均彌散程度(mean diffusivity, MD)也被用來(lái)探究大腦白質(zhì)的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)。MD反映了平均彌散水平和彌散阻力的整體情況。相較于TD, ASD在胼胝體、扣帶等區(qū)域都表現(xiàn)出了MD的升高(Cai et al., 2022; Valenti et al., 2020)。ASD被試FA及MD的異常表明白質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)異常在其病理機(jī)制中可能扮演著重要的作用。近些年, 一些研究人員除了探究白質(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)外, 還開(kāi)始探究白質(zhì)的功能, 然而ASD大腦白質(zhì)功能的異常還不清楚, 未來(lái)的研究還需要探究ASD白質(zhì)功能異常以及白質(zhì)功能異常與行為之間的關(guān)系(Li et al., 2019; Peer et al., 2017)。
2.1.2 "ASD功能影像局部特征異常研究
fMRI通過(guò)檢測(cè)大腦血氧飽和度的變化來(lái)反映各個(gè)部位神經(jīng)元群的活動(dòng)水平, 是探測(cè)人類大腦功能活動(dòng)的重要手段。在神經(jīng)影像研究中, 功能影像學(xué)研究主要包括了任務(wù)態(tài)研究以及靜息態(tài)研究?jī)纱蠓较颉?/p>
ASD任務(wù)態(tài)fMRI研究主要探究了其面孔加工、運(yùn)動(dòng)感知、語(yǔ)言加工以及獎(jiǎng)賞處理等方面的異常(Hernandez et al., 2015)。在面孔加工過(guò)程中, 大部分研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ASD梭狀回和杏仁核的激活降低(Corbett et al., 2009; Kleinhans et al., 2011; Nickl-Jockschat et al., 2015; Nomi amp; Uddin, 2015), 且梭狀回的激活水平與社交焦慮存在顯著的負(fù)相關(guān)(Kleinhans et al., 2010)。然而, 有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ASD在處理其母親面孔過(guò)程中梭狀回的激活與TD的激活水平相當(dāng), 然而在處理陌生人面孔過(guò)程中表現(xiàn)出了激活降低(Pierce amp; Redcay, 2008)。上述結(jié)果表明, ASD對(duì)陌生面孔照片處理過(guò)程中的所產(chǎn)生的焦慮可能導(dǎo)致了其社交回避情況的出現(xiàn)。在運(yùn)動(dòng)感知過(guò)程中, ASD在顳上溝、腹外側(cè)前額葉、顳頂聯(lián)合區(qū)都表現(xiàn)出了降低的激活(Davies et al., 2011; Koldewyn et al., 2011; von dem Hagen et al., 2013)。迅速感知生物運(yùn)動(dòng)可以引導(dǎo)注意力集中于出現(xiàn)的社交刺激, 而ASD對(duì)于生物運(yùn)動(dòng)感知的異常可能導(dǎo)致在社交場(chǎng)景中不能很好捕獲社交線索。在語(yǔ)言處理過(guò)程中, 相較于TD, ASD的Broca區(qū)域、顳葉前部表現(xiàn)出激活更強(qiáng)(Graves et al., 2022; Knaus et al., 2008), 而在左腹側(cè)中央溝、顳上溝的激活降低(Tanigawa et al., 2018)。同時(shí), 有研究發(fā)現(xiàn), ASD在語(yǔ)言處理過(guò)程中左右半球功能分化程度降低(Deemyad, 2022; Knaus et al., 2010)。在獎(jiǎng)賞信息處理過(guò)程中, 在金錢(qián)獎(jiǎng)賞或者社會(huì)獎(jiǎng)賞條件下, ASD的伏隔核、杏仁核、前扣帶、腹側(cè)紋狀體等區(qū)域都表現(xiàn)出了激活降低(Baumeister et al., 2023; Kohls et al., 2018; Kohls et al., 2013)。因此, 大腦獎(jiǎng)賞環(huán)路的異常可能導(dǎo)致ASD對(duì)于社會(huì)性刺激的敏感程度降低, 并且導(dǎo)致其興趣狹窄等癥狀。
ASD靜息態(tài)fMRI研究主要包括了靜態(tài)功能連接研究與動(dòng)態(tài)功能連接研究?jī)纱蠓较颉_^(guò)去20年, 大量研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了ASD靜態(tài)功能連接的異常。但是, 有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ASD表現(xiàn)出超連接, 有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ASD表現(xiàn)出失連接, 也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ASD超連接和失連接兩者都存在(Di Martino et al., 2011; Hull et al., 2016; Oldehinkel et al., 2019; Reiter et al.,"2019; Uddin et al., 2013; Xiao et al., 2023)。為了解釋這一現(xiàn)象, Uddin等人梳理以往研究文獻(xiàn)后從發(fā)發(fā)育角度提出了“超連接?失連接”模型, 該模型表明ASD在青少年以及成年時(shí)期通常表現(xiàn)為失連接, 而在兒童時(shí)期表現(xiàn)為超連接(Uddin et al., 2013)。但是, ASD靜態(tài)功能連接從超連接轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槭нB接過(guò)程的具體時(shí)間節(jié)點(diǎn)還不清楚。另外, 越來(lái)越多的研究表明, 人類大腦的功能連接模式會(huì)隨時(shí)間而變化(Chang amp; Glover, 2010)。利用動(dòng)態(tài)功能連接分析方法可以捕捉大腦功能連接的時(shí)變特性, 這將有助于理解大腦功能組織架構(gòu)和信息加工基礎(chǔ), 并且有可能調(diào)和以往靜態(tài)功能連接研究發(fā)現(xiàn)不一致的情況(Gonzalez-Castillo amp; Bandettini,"2018; Preti et al., 2017; Shine amp; Poldrack, 2018)。有研究使用滑動(dòng)窗分析方法, 發(fā)現(xiàn)ASD在后扣帶和顳極中部、額下回的動(dòng)態(tài)功能連接變異性升高, 而后扣帶與中央前回之間動(dòng)態(tài)功能連接變異性降低, 并且后扣帶動(dòng)態(tài)功能連接的異常與ASD社交癥狀嚴(yán)重程度顯著相關(guān)(He et al., 2018; Li, Zhu, "et al., 2020)。也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 無(wú)論在半球內(nèi)還是半球間, 相較于TD, ASD的前扣帶、內(nèi)側(cè)前額葉都表現(xiàn)出了升高的動(dòng)態(tài)功能連接密度變異性, 而在梭狀回、顳下回表現(xiàn)出了降低的動(dòng)態(tài)功能連接密度變異性。同時(shí), ASD的感覺(jué)運(yùn)動(dòng)區(qū)在半球內(nèi)表現(xiàn)出降低的動(dòng)態(tài)功能連接密度變異性(Guo et al., 2020)。動(dòng)態(tài)功能連接分析為ASD腦功能探究提供了新的視角, 然而將來(lái)還需要結(jié)合動(dòng)態(tài)、靜態(tài)進(jìn)行分析, 探明ASD大腦功能活動(dòng)異常與其癥狀、基因表達(dá)之間的關(guān)系。
2.2 "ASD腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)研究
人類大腦是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的網(wǎng)絡(luò)。研究人員通常從結(jié)構(gòu)和功能兩個(gè)角度來(lái)構(gòu)建大腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)。腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析提供了從系統(tǒng)水平對(duì)大腦的功能組織、信息交互甚至疾病的病理機(jī)制進(jìn)行研究的手段(Bullmore amp; Sporns, 2009)。大量研究表明, ASD的腦功能網(wǎng)絡(luò)與結(jié)構(gòu)網(wǎng)絡(luò)都存在異常(Duan et al., 2020; He et al., 2018; He et al., 2021; Rudie et al., 2013; Yang et al., 2023)。
大腦的功能網(wǎng)絡(luò)通常基于功能連接來(lái)構(gòu)建。基于圖論分析的研究發(fā)現(xiàn):在全局水平, ASD功能網(wǎng)絡(luò)的聚類系數(shù)和最短路徑長(zhǎng)度顯著降低, 這表明ASD的功能網(wǎng)絡(luò)更偏向于隨機(jī)化;在局部水平, ASD的雙側(cè)顳上溝、右背外側(cè)前額葉以及楔前葉等區(qū)域喪失了中心節(jié)點(diǎn)的屬性(Itahashi et al.,"2014)。同時(shí), 也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn), ASD在雙側(cè)顳邊緣區(qū)域的度中心性增加(Di Martino et al., 2013)。另外, Menon提出了三網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型來(lái)幫助理解精神和神經(jīng)疾病的認(rèn)知和情感障礙失調(diào)(Menon, 2011)。該模型認(rèn)為, DMN、突顯網(wǎng)絡(luò)(salience network, SN)、額頂網(wǎng)絡(luò)(frontoparietal network, FPN)功能及其動(dòng)態(tài)交互異常是包括ASD在內(nèi)的精神疾病及神經(jīng)發(fā)育障礙的起因之一。已經(jīng)有研究報(bào)道了ASD三網(wǎng)絡(luò)之間的靜態(tài)、動(dòng)態(tài)的交互異常, 并且這些異常與ASD的核心癥狀顯著相關(guān)(Guo et al., 2023; Hogeveen et al., 2018; Wang, Li, et al., 2021)。大尺度功能網(wǎng)絡(luò)的分析為表征精神疾病或者神經(jīng)發(fā)育障礙提供了新的手段。但是, 未來(lái)的研究還需要分析大尺度功能網(wǎng)絡(luò)的交互異常與結(jié)構(gòu)網(wǎng)絡(luò)異常之間的潛在關(guān)系。
結(jié)構(gòu)網(wǎng)絡(luò)對(duì)大腦的功能活動(dòng)起著一定的約束作用。結(jié)構(gòu)連接的異常可能導(dǎo)致認(rèn)知、情感功能失調(diào), 進(jìn)而在臨床上表現(xiàn)出某種疾病的癥狀。大腦的結(jié)構(gòu)網(wǎng)絡(luò)通常基于白質(zhì)纖維連接來(lái)構(gòu)建。研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 對(duì)于FA值構(gòu)成的結(jié)構(gòu)網(wǎng)絡(luò), ASD的小世界屬性降低, 全局的效率升高, 并且額下回、中央后回、左側(cè)楔前葉、丘腦、雙側(cè)頂上皮質(zhì)的節(jié)點(diǎn)效率增加(Cai et al., 2022; Qin et al., 2018)。現(xiàn)階段, 也有研究利用灰質(zhì)體積或者皮層厚度構(gòu)建結(jié)構(gòu)協(xié)變網(wǎng)絡(luò)來(lái)探究腦區(qū)間形態(tài)學(xué)的協(xié)同變化與大腦發(fā)育、認(rèn)知以及疾病病理機(jī)制之間的關(guān)系(DuPre amp; Spreng, 2017; Montembeault et al., 2016; Prasad "et al., 2022; Sha et al., 2022; Zielinski et al., 2010)。相較于TD, 研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ASD的半球間皮下區(qū)域的協(xié)變降低, 而半球內(nèi)皮下區(qū)域的協(xié)變?cè)鰪?qiáng)(Duan et al., 2020), 并且ASD的結(jié)構(gòu)協(xié)變網(wǎng)絡(luò)在內(nèi)側(cè)額葉、頂葉以及顳?枕皮層的節(jié)點(diǎn)中心性降低(Balardin et al., 2015)。結(jié)構(gòu)網(wǎng)絡(luò)研究從網(wǎng)絡(luò)水平定量刻畫(huà)ASD的大腦結(jié)構(gòu), 有助于理解大腦信息傳遞及加工機(jī)制, 了解ASD大腦的發(fā)生發(fā)展規(guī)律, 可能為理解ASD的病理機(jī)制提供關(guān)鍵線索。
3 "ASD多模態(tài)腦影像融合
ASD等神經(jīng)發(fā)育障礙和精神疾病影像學(xué)研究的一個(gè)重要目的是對(duì)其進(jìn)行全面表征, 揭示其神經(jīng)病理機(jī)制。少量的大腦疾病可以利用單模態(tài)影像就能實(shí)現(xiàn)精確刻畫(huà), 但是對(duì)于大多數(shù)早期非器質(zhì)性病變的精神疾病, 單模態(tài)腦影像提供的信息具有一定局限性, 還需要融合多模態(tài)腦影像進(jìn)行多層級(jí)、全方位、多角度表征, 以此來(lái)達(dá)到用于指導(dǎo)臨床診斷和治療評(píng)估的目的(Calhoun amp; Sui, 2016)。雖然研究人員早已提出了多模態(tài)腦影像融合研究的構(gòu)想, 但是如何真正做到多模態(tài)腦影像融合是該領(lǐng)域一直面臨的挑戰(zhàn)。因此, 本小節(jié)從圖像級(jí)融合、特征級(jí)融合、決策級(jí)融合三個(gè)層級(jí)梳理了多模態(tài)腦影像方法及其在ASD研究中的應(yīng)用。
3.1""圖像級(jí)融合
圖像級(jí)融合是多模態(tài)腦影像融合最底層、最簡(jiǎn)便的融合方式。例如, T1加權(quán)成像常用于大腦解剖成像, 其很好地反映了大腦的灰質(zhì)和白質(zhì); T2加權(quán)成像常用于觀察大腦病變, 對(duì)出血較為敏感, 偽影相對(duì)較少; 而T1/T2的比率圖則可以用來(lái)反映人類大腦皮層中髓鞘化的程度。這種基于T1和T2成像融合所得到的髓鞘化圖譜已被證明與人類皮層進(jìn)化擴(kuò)張、非人靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物的神經(jīng)元密度圖譜等具有顯著的相關(guān)性(Glasser amp; Van Essen, 2011)。分子遺傳學(xué)研究也已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了在ASD中髓鞘化相關(guān)的基因表達(dá)異常(Richetto et al., 2017; Zhao et al., 2018)。T1和T2圖像級(jí)的融合研究為這一發(fā)現(xiàn)提供了影像學(xué)證據(jù)。Daeki等人發(fā)現(xiàn)ASD高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)嬰兒大腦灰質(zhì)和白質(zhì)都表現(xiàn)出了廣泛的T1/T2的值降低, 而且T1/T2的值與行為發(fā)育水平表現(xiàn)出了顯著的正相關(guān)(Darki et al., 2021)。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)表明, T1/T2的值是一個(gè)對(duì)于發(fā)育較為敏感的指標(biāo), 后續(xù)的研究還需要利用該指標(biāo)探索髓鞘化異常在ASD病理機(jī)制中扮演的角色。
除了T1/T2這種融合方式, 研究人員還提出了聯(lián)合獨(dú)立成份分析(joint-independent component analysis, j-ICA)、多模態(tài)典型相關(guān)分析(multimodal canonical correlation analysis, mCCA)、偏最小二乘等多變量方法, 通過(guò)尋找被試多種模態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)之間相互獨(dú)立且共變或被試間共變最大或不同模態(tài)之間最為相關(guān)的成份(或模式)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)影像數(shù)據(jù)級(jí)的融合(Qi et al., 2018; Qi et al., 2019; Sui, Adali, et al.,"2012; Sui, Yu, et al., 2012)。Qi等人利用mCCA+"jICA融合大腦灰質(zhì)與功能活動(dòng), 發(fā)現(xiàn)了ASD不同亞型之間共有的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能協(xié)同變化的腦區(qū)以及亞型間特異性變化的腦區(qū)(Qi et al., 2020)。基于mCCA+jICA方法, 研究人員融合了任務(wù)態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)與大腦灰質(zhì)數(shù)據(jù), 發(fā)現(xiàn)了與新穎性追求特征相關(guān)的腦區(qū), 實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)酗酒、吸煙、注意缺陷/多動(dòng)障礙、抑郁、精分等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因子的預(yù)測(cè)與分類(Qi et al., 2021)。然而, 這種數(shù)據(jù)驅(qū)動(dòng)的多模態(tài)影像融合分析方法在ASD中的應(yīng)用并不廣泛, 未來(lái)的研究還需要挖掘ASD不同模態(tài)腦影像之間的協(xié)同變化關(guān)系, 探究具有ASD特異性的影像學(xué)標(biāo)記物。
3.2""特征級(jí)融合
特征級(jí)融合是多模態(tài)腦影像融合最常見(jiàn)的融合方式。不同模態(tài)的影像提供了各種各樣的特征, 例如, 可以從T1加權(quán)影像獲得灰質(zhì)體積、灰質(zhì)密度、皮層厚度、灰白質(zhì)對(duì)比度、溝回指數(shù)等特征; 可以從功能影像獲得功能連接、功能連接密度、低頻振蕩幅度、局部一致性、動(dòng)態(tài)功能連接、動(dòng)態(tài)功能連接變異性等指標(biāo); 可以從彌散張量影像獲得FA、MD、徑向擴(kuò)散系數(shù)、軸向擴(kuò)散系數(shù)、纖維束條數(shù)、纖維束密度等指標(biāo)。基于上述指標(biāo), 特征級(jí)的融合大致可以分為特征耦合模型、特征聯(lián)合篩選模型、相似性網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型以及大尺度神經(jīng)環(huán)路模型四種方式。
特征耦合模型研究中最常見(jiàn)的是結(jié)構(gòu)與功能之間的耦合。一般情況下, 耦合性定義為兩種指標(biāo)的相關(guān)系數(shù)(Baum et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2011)。以往的研究表明, 耦合性這種綜合了結(jié)構(gòu)指標(biāo)與功能指標(biāo)的測(cè)量方式要比任何單一模態(tài)探測(cè)腦疾病的生理異常更為敏感。例如, Zhang等人將結(jié)構(gòu)連接與功能連接的皮爾遜相關(guān)系數(shù)定義為結(jié)構(gòu)與功能的耦合性, 研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn), 在全面性癲癇患者中, 結(jié)構(gòu)與功能連接的耦合性顯著降低, 且與病程呈現(xiàn)出負(fù)相關(guān)(Zhang et al., 2011)。在ASD研究中, Ma等人發(fā)現(xiàn)ASD的左上放射冠和內(nèi)囊左后肢白質(zhì)體積與局部一致性的耦合程度降低(Ma et al., 2022)。最近, 也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 在TD中, 外側(cè)前額葉的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能的耦合性與執(zhí)行功能顯著相關(guān)并且部分介導(dǎo)年齡與執(zhí)行功能的關(guān)系(Baum et al., 2020)。研究人員還提出用預(yù)測(cè)模型來(lái)刻畫(huà)結(jié)構(gòu)與功能耦合的關(guān)系, 結(jié)果表明結(jié)構(gòu)與功能從單模態(tài)區(qū)域到跨模態(tài)區(qū)域表現(xiàn)出了一種梯度變化的解耦合模式(Vázquez-Rodríguez et al., 2019)。何等人利用這種預(yù)測(cè)模型發(fā)現(xiàn), ASD的右側(cè)輔助運(yùn)動(dòng)區(qū)、右側(cè)腦島和左側(cè)額下回的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能耦合異常高于TD, 并且異常區(qū)域的結(jié)構(gòu)功能耦合值可以用來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)ASD的臨床癥狀(何長(zhǎng)春, 2021)。以往這些研究表明, 結(jié)構(gòu)和功能之間的耦合關(guān)系可能為理解ASD的病理機(jī)制和臨床診療提供新思路。然而, 目前對(duì)于ASD的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能耦合關(guān)系的研究還較少, 在后續(xù)的研究中還需要繼續(xù)探索。
特征聯(lián)合篩選模型通常被用來(lái)融合多模態(tài)影像特征對(duì)被試進(jìn)行分類或者預(yù)測(cè)其臨床癥狀。通常, 融合多種模態(tài)的特征將獲得更高的分類準(zhǔn)確率或者更好的預(yù)測(cè)效果(Liem et al., 2017; Meng "et al., 2017; Wang, Hu, et al., 2021)。例如, He等人利用交叉驗(yàn)證遞歸特征消除法篩選了結(jié)構(gòu)網(wǎng)絡(luò)特征和功能網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接特征后, 基于支持向量回歸預(yù)測(cè)了腦年齡, 發(fā)現(xiàn)ASD在兒童期腦年齡顯著高于其實(shí)際年齡, 而在青少年期腦年齡顯著低于其實(shí)際年齡, 這表明ASD在兒童期大腦表現(xiàn)出了加速發(fā)育, 而在青春后期大腦發(fā)育開(kāi)始變得遲緩(He et al., 2020)。
相似性網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型是融合多模態(tài)影像揭示大腦皮層宏觀組織結(jié)構(gòu)的一種新手段(Seidlitz et al., 2018; Yang et al., 2021)。通常利用單個(gè)被試內(nèi)區(qū)域間多個(gè)不同模態(tài)指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性來(lái)構(gòu)建相似性網(wǎng)絡(luò), 其中包括了形態(tài)學(xué)相似性和功能相似性網(wǎng)絡(luò)(Li, Seidlitz, et al., 2021; Meng et al., 2022)。相似性網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析在抑郁癥、精神分列癥等疾病中已經(jīng)得到了廣泛應(yīng)用(Li, Seidlitz, et al., 2021; Martins et al., 2022; Xue et al., 2023; Zong et al., 2023)。例如, Li等人融合皮層表面積、灰質(zhì)體積、皮層的厚度、高斯曲率、平均曲率、FA以及平均彌散程度等指標(biāo)構(gòu)建了形態(tài)學(xué)相似性網(wǎng)絡(luò), 發(fā)現(xiàn)了抑郁癥患者形態(tài)學(xué)相似性網(wǎng)絡(luò)的異常, 并找出了與形態(tài)學(xué)相似性網(wǎng)絡(luò)異常相關(guān)的基因, 發(fā)現(xiàn)這些基因主要富集在小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞(Li, Seidlitz, et al., 2021)。相似性網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型提供了一種新穎的、穩(wěn)定的以及具有神經(jīng)可解釋性的手段去理解人類大腦的網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)。然而, ASD形態(tài)學(xué)及功能相似性網(wǎng)絡(luò)的異常及其潛在的分子機(jī)制還不清楚。未來(lái)的研究需要從結(jié)構(gòu)及功能兩個(gè)角度出發(fā), 分別構(gòu)建相似性網(wǎng)絡(luò), 探究ASD相似性網(wǎng)絡(luò)的異常與基因表達(dá)、細(xì)胞層流分化等微觀指標(biāo)的關(guān)系。
大尺度神經(jīng)環(huán)路模型是一個(gè)強(qiáng)有力的建立大腦微觀環(huán)路和宏觀組織關(guān)聯(lián)關(guān)系的方法(Breakspear, 2017; Kong et al., 2021; Wang, Kong, et al., 2019)。簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)說(shuō), 該模型基于脈沖神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型和血氧動(dòng)力學(xué)模型, 融合結(jié)構(gòu)連接和功能連接, 模擬出了大腦微觀神經(jīng)環(huán)路的動(dòng)力學(xué)特性, 包括了大腦區(qū)域內(nèi)循環(huán)(或周期)輸入、外部輸入以及神經(jīng)噪聲等。研究人員已經(jīng)基于大尺度神經(jīng)環(huán)路模型開(kāi)展了多項(xiàng)研究, 例如, Weng等人發(fā)現(xiàn)了顳葉癲癇患者和全面性癲癇患者的循環(huán)輸入和外部刺激輸入的異常, 且發(fā)現(xiàn)不同的癲癇亞型是由不同的微觀環(huán)路特征紊亂導(dǎo)致的(Weng et al., 2020); Park等人發(fā)現(xiàn)ASD的循環(huán)輸入和外部輸入的改變與結(jié)構(gòu)連接流行的畸變相關(guān)(Park et al., 2021); Kong等人發(fā)現(xiàn)感覺(jué)運(yùn)動(dòng)皮層是大腦功能連接動(dòng)態(tài)性的驅(qū)動(dòng)器。經(jīng)顱磁刺激、經(jīng)顱直流電刺激等手段已經(jīng)在神經(jīng)調(diào)控領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮了重要作用, 但是現(xiàn)階段還缺乏可靠、穩(wěn)定、高效的個(gè)性化干預(yù)靶點(diǎn)(Cash et al., 2021; Cocchi amp; Zalesky, 2018)。構(gòu)建精確的大尺度神經(jīng)環(huán)路模型為我們提供了一個(gè)數(shù)字孿生腦, 如果通過(guò)數(shù)字孿生腦仿真計(jì)算出ASD神經(jīng)個(gè)體化精準(zhǔn)調(diào)控的靶點(diǎn), 將可能獲得更加顯著的治療效果。
3.3""決策級(jí)融合
決策級(jí)融合是指根據(jù)一定的規(guī)則對(duì)不同模態(tài)影像的特征進(jìn)行提取后構(gòu)建分類器, 再將多個(gè)分類器的判別結(jié)果進(jìn)行融合后作出全局最優(yōu)的決策(黃渝萍, 李偉生, 2023)。Dimitriadis等人基于決策融合的思想, 利用多種形態(tài)學(xué)指標(biāo), 通過(guò)集成學(xué)習(xí)算法, 實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)健康對(duì)照、早期輕度認(rèn)知障礙、晚期輕度認(rèn)知障礙、阿爾茲海默癥的多分類(Dimitriadis et al., 2018)。在ASD中也有類似的研究出現(xiàn)。例如, 有研究訓(xùn)練了基于結(jié)構(gòu)連接和功能連接的集成分類器, 在單中心內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)ASD的精確分類; 而ElNakieb等人融合三通道的初級(jí)分類器進(jìn)行綜合決策, 最后對(duì)ASD的分類準(zhǔn)確率達(dá)到了80.5% (Dekhil et al., 2019; ElNakieb et al., 2018)。現(xiàn)階段基于決策級(jí)融合的研究大多集中于結(jié)構(gòu)和功能影像, 未來(lái)的研究可以考慮納入磁共振波譜特征、電生理特征以及生化特征來(lái)綜合多角度信息進(jìn)行綜合決策。
4 "ASD輔助診斷
ASD患病率日趨升高、異質(zhì)性強(qiáng)、診斷難、負(fù)擔(dān)重(Lai et al., 2014; Maenner et al., 2023), 早發(fā)現(xiàn)、早診斷、早干預(yù)可以明顯改善預(yù)后。如何實(shí)現(xiàn)ASD精確診斷是當(dāng)前研究的熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題(Kaur amp; Kaur, 2023)。以往的大多數(shù)研究都采用單模態(tài)腦影像進(jìn)行分類。Anderson等人基于功能連接在小樣本上對(duì)ASD和TD進(jìn)行分類, 準(zhǔn)確率達(dá)到了79% (Anderson et al., 2011)。基于小樣本數(shù)據(jù)訓(xùn)練的模型, 可能受到數(shù)據(jù)量及ASD異質(zhì)性等影響, 不具有魯棒性(Robust)和推廣性。因此, 研究人員逐漸轉(zhuǎn)向?qū)Χ嘀行拇髽颖镜姆治觯?以此來(lái)提升模型魯棒性和泛化能力。例如, Nielsen等人基于多中心公開(kāi)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù), 在大樣本上基于功能連接實(shí)現(xiàn)了超過(guò)60%的分類準(zhǔn)確率(Nielsen et al., 2013)。除了功能連接, 一些結(jié)構(gòu)指標(biāo)也經(jīng)常被用來(lái)用于ASD的分類(Ali et al., 2022; Uddin et al., 2011)。例如, Gori等人基于灰質(zhì)體積、皮層厚度、表面積等形態(tài)學(xué)指標(biāo)實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)ASD的分類(Gori et al., 2015); ElNakieb等人基于DTI數(shù)據(jù)的FA、平均彌散程度等特征實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)ASD的分類(ElNakieb"et al., 2021)。
基于單模態(tài)的識(shí)別往往不能獲得優(yōu)異的分類準(zhǔn)確率, 距離臨床應(yīng)用還有很遠(yuǎn)的距離。因此, 研究人員嘗試基于更全面的多模態(tài)影像來(lái)提升分類準(zhǔn)確率(Kim et al., 2022; Libero et al., 2015; Liu""et al., 2015)。例如, 有研究融合了結(jié)構(gòu)和功能連接數(shù)據(jù), 采用自編碼模型和多層感知機(jī), 對(duì)ASD的分類準(zhǔn)確率達(dá)到了85.06% (Raki? et al., 2020); 而Kim等人將T1影像和DTI影像的特征融合能獲得了88.8%的分類準(zhǔn)確率(Kim et al., 2022)。
除了應(yīng)用類似于支持向量機(jī)、隨機(jī)森林、多層感知機(jī)等傳統(tǒng)的機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)方法對(duì)ASD進(jìn)行分類識(shí)別外, 深度學(xué)習(xí)技術(shù)作為機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)的一個(gè)重要分支, 依靠其強(qiáng)大的學(xué)習(xí)能力也逐漸被廣泛應(yīng)用于輔助診斷的研究中。構(gòu)建多模態(tài)腦影像之間的關(guān)聯(lián)關(guān)系、建立參數(shù)共享的高效任務(wù)模型、在小樣本下實(shí)現(xiàn)精準(zhǔn)診斷分類以及如何解釋深度學(xué)習(xí)的過(guò)程都是基于深度學(xué)習(xí)的多模態(tài)腦影像模式識(shí)別研究熱點(diǎn)。現(xiàn)階段, 基于深度學(xué)習(xí)的ASD分類研究主要包括了基于深度神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和基于圖神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)兩大類型(Cackowski et al., 2023; Guo et al., 2017; Khodatars et al., 2021; Li et al., 2018)。
深度神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)是許多人工智能應(yīng)用的基礎(chǔ), 它利用多層無(wú)監(jiān)督隱藏層將現(xiàn)有空間的樣本逐層映射到另一個(gè)空間, 對(duì)高度復(fù)雜的函數(shù)進(jìn)行擬合, 以此來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)輸入特征更好的表達(dá)。有大量的研究基于功能或者結(jié)構(gòu)影像數(shù)據(jù), 利用深度神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)及其衍生的模型對(duì)ASD進(jìn)行分類(Eslami amp; Saeed, 2019; Ismail et al., 2017; Leming et al., 2020; Wang, Xiao, et al., 2019; Xiao et al., 2018)。例如, Kong等人將功能連接作為輸入, 利用深度神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型對(duì)ASD的分類準(zhǔn)確率達(dá)到了90.39% (Kong et al., 2019); Pinaya等人基于結(jié)構(gòu)影像, 利用深度自編碼模型建立了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模型, 將ASD偏離標(biāo)準(zhǔn)范圍的偏差作為特征, 實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)ASD的分類(Pinaya et al., 2019); 而Mostafa等人融合了結(jié)構(gòu)和功能影像特征, 基于自編碼模型和深度神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)對(duì)ASD的分類準(zhǔn)確率達(dá)到了79.2% (Mostafa "et al., 2020)。在這里我們發(fā)現(xiàn), 融合了多模態(tài)信息的分類準(zhǔn)確率在一些情況下并沒(méi)有優(yōu)于單模態(tài)影像特征, 這可能與樣本數(shù)量、選擇的模型、選取的特征有一定的關(guān)系。如何在有限樣本上, 訓(xùn)練具有穩(wěn)定性、可泛化性、高分類準(zhǔn)確率的深度神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)將是下一步需要著力解決的問(wèn)題。
圖神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)是一種處理圖形結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)據(jù)的人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò), 它可以對(duì)節(jié)點(diǎn)和邊進(jìn)行建模, 并能夠在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中捕捉節(jié)點(diǎn)之間的相互作用和全局特征。大腦是一個(gè)復(fù)雜但又高效的系統(tǒng), 它由幾百億個(gè)神經(jīng)元之間的幾萬(wàn)億條突觸連接組成(Bullmore"amp; Sporns, 2009)。傳統(tǒng)的卷積神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)沒(méi)有考慮不同節(jié)點(diǎn)之間的相互作用, 忽略了大腦功能和結(jié)構(gòu)之間的“深度關(guān)系”, 而圖神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)展現(xiàn)出了其自身對(duì)于復(fù)雜網(wǎng)絡(luò)建模的優(yōu)勢(shì)。因此, 對(duì)于腦影像研究來(lái)說(shuō), 可以將大腦的節(jié)點(diǎn)抽象為圖中的節(jié)點(diǎn), 而腦區(qū)之間的關(guān)系可以抽象為圖中的邊, 進(jìn)而利用圖神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)對(duì)非歐空間具有更強(qiáng)表達(dá)能力的優(yōu)勢(shì)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)被試特征的精準(zhǔn)預(yù)測(cè)或分類(Bessadok et al., 2022; Li, Zhou, et al., 2021; Li, Zhou, et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2019)。現(xiàn)階段, 已有研究利用圖神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)嘗試對(duì)ASD進(jìn)行識(shí)別。例如, Chen等人將感興趣區(qū)域的灰質(zhì)密度、慢4和慢5頻段的低頻振幅作為節(jié)點(diǎn)特征, 將感興趣區(qū)域間的功能連接作為邊構(gòu)建了多模態(tài)個(gè)體水平的圖網(wǎng)絡(luò), 基于圖神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型, 在大樣本數(shù)據(jù)集上對(duì)ASD的分類準(zhǔn)確率達(dá)到了74.7% (Chen et al., 2022); 而Yin等人將大腦不同腦區(qū)的基于圖論的局部屬性等(如, 度中心性等)作為節(jié)點(diǎn)特征, 功能連接做為邊構(gòu)建圖, 基于圖神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)對(duì)ASD的分類準(zhǔn)確率達(dá)到了82.3% (Yin et al., 2021)。對(duì)未來(lái)研究中的圖神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型而言, 如何參考大腦的高效處理網(wǎng)絡(luò)構(gòu)建具有生理意義的圖結(jié)構(gòu)可能是獲得優(yōu)異性能的關(guān)鍵。圖神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)與大腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)的結(jié)合, 不但可以使得我們搭建的系統(tǒng)更加靈活, 也可能幫助我們理解大腦的信息加工處理機(jī)制并找出ASD等神經(jīng)發(fā)育障礙或精神疾病特異性的神經(jīng)環(huán)路, 為臨床實(shí)現(xiàn)精準(zhǔn)醫(yī)療提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
無(wú)論是基于單模態(tài)腦影像, 還是基于多模態(tài)腦影像融合技術(shù); 無(wú)論是利用傳統(tǒng)的機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)框架, 還是利用最新的深度學(xué)習(xí)技術(shù), 建立高特異性、高靈敏性的ASD輔助診斷系統(tǒng)是研究人員一直追求的目標(biāo)。以多模態(tài)腦影像為核心, 建立符合中國(guó)國(guó)情、具有高穩(wěn)定性、高推廣性、可在ASD專業(yè)診斷人員匱乏地區(qū)進(jìn)行推廣的ASD輔助診斷平臺(tái)是未來(lái)需要著力發(fā)展的方向。
5 "ASD亞型識(shí)別
ASD不是單一的臨床實(shí)體, 是一組具有高度異質(zhì)性的神經(jīng)發(fā)育障礙(Masi et al., 2017)。異質(zhì)性是理解ASD神經(jīng)病理機(jī)制及實(shí)現(xiàn)精準(zhǔn)診療的最大阻礙之一(Georgiades et al., 2013)。亞型劃分是ASD異質(zhì)性研究中最常采用的手段。以往對(duì)于ASD的亞型劃分大多基于行為學(xué)的表現(xiàn)。例如, 美國(guó)精神障礙診斷與統(tǒng)計(jì)手冊(cè)(The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, DSM)-III和DSM-IV將ASD劃分為阿斯伯格綜合征、未分類的廣泛性發(fā)育障礙以及典型孤獨(dú)癥(Kim, 2020)。過(guò)去十多年, 臨床上基于行為學(xué)的亞型劃分將ASD劃分為幾個(gè)言語(yǔ)水平、認(rèn)知能力、社交溝通水平、重復(fù)刻板水平等具有差異的亞組, 這雖然有助于揭示ASD的癥狀發(fā)育軌跡的異質(zhì)性(Kim et al., 2018)。但是, 行為學(xué)的亞型對(duì)于揭示ASD的神經(jīng)機(jī)制及指導(dǎo)臨床實(shí)現(xiàn)精準(zhǔn)診療的作用似乎有限。近年來(lái), 隨著腦影像分析手段的不斷進(jìn)步, 劃分ASD影像學(xué)亞型對(duì)于理解其神經(jīng)機(jī)制顯示出了一定的優(yōu)勢(shì)。盡管使用的數(shù)據(jù)、分析手段都各不相同, 但是現(xiàn)有的研究表明基于腦影像可以將ASD劃分為2~4種亞型(Chen et al., 2019; Easson et al., 2019; Hong et al., 2018; Hong et al., 2020; Stefanik et al., 2018; Wang, 2022)。例如, Easson等人基于功能連接將ASD劃分為具有2種不同連接模式的亞型(Easson et al., 2019); Chen等人將ASD大腦灰質(zhì)相較于TD的差異作為特征, 發(fā)現(xiàn)了3種具有不同臨床癥狀和功能連接模式的ASD亞型(Chen et al., 2019); Hrdlicka等人將額葉的皮層厚度, 紋狀體、海馬、尾狀核及杏仁核的大小等特征進(jìn)行聚類, 發(fā)現(xiàn)了4種具有不同感興趣區(qū)域特征的ASD亞型(Hrdlicka et al., 2005)。總結(jié)以往的研究, 發(fā)現(xiàn)有的ASD亞型在特定的腦影像特征上相較于TD表現(xiàn)出了增加, 而有的亞型表現(xiàn)出減少的情況, 這表明異質(zhì)性在影像研究中是不可忽略的因素。另外, 基于功能連接的亞型研究發(fā)現(xiàn), DMN和額頂網(wǎng)絡(luò)的異常在不同的亞型中都是一致存在的, 這表明這些高級(jí)認(rèn)知網(wǎng)絡(luò)的異常可能是導(dǎo)致ASD社交溝通功能受損的原因。
DSM-5將ASD的診斷劃分為一種譜系障礙, 希望研究人員及臨床醫(yī)生采用更具維度的方法來(lái)研究ASD這種連續(xù)變化的譜系障礙, 而不是將ASD劃分為獨(dú)立的亞型(Kim, 2020)。Tang等人基于這一觀點(diǎn)提出了一種全新的分析框架, 將ASD的異常功能連接模式分解成了三種因子, 不同的ASD被試對(duì)于這三種因子表達(dá)程度不同, 且不同因子的表達(dá)程度與臨床癥狀相關(guān)(Tang et al., 2020)。Tang等人提出的分析框架對(duì)于揭示ASD的異質(zhì)性向前邁進(jìn)了一步, 后續(xù)的研究還需要探索這種基于功能連接獲得的ASD維度特征背后的分子機(jī)制及在實(shí)現(xiàn)ASD精準(zhǔn)診療過(guò)程中的作用。
基于亞型及維度劃分的ASD腦影像研究致力于探索ASD高度異質(zhì)性的神經(jīng)機(jī)制。然而, 大多數(shù)研究都是基于單模態(tài)腦影像。如何融合多模態(tài)的磁共振腦影像, 建立亞型/維度與ASD臨床癥狀、神經(jīng)干預(yù)療效等這些臨床指標(biāo)之間的關(guān)系, 探索適合不同亞型/維度的個(gè)體化診療策略是未來(lái)ASD研究的一個(gè)重要方向。
6""小結(jié)與展望
本文從ASD單模態(tài)腦影像研究、多模態(tài)腦影像融合研究、輔助診斷、亞型識(shí)別幾個(gè)方面總結(jié)了現(xiàn)有的研究結(jié)果。回顧以往的研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 多模態(tài)磁共振腦影像研究豐富了我們對(duì)ASD神經(jīng)病理機(jī)制的認(rèn)識(shí), 為揭示ASD的神經(jīng)機(jī)制提供了強(qiáng)有力的手段, 有望推動(dòng)孤獨(dú)癥臨床診療從依據(jù)主觀判斷到客觀指標(biāo)的轉(zhuǎn)變。然而, 影像學(xué)的發(fā)現(xiàn)距離臨床實(shí)現(xiàn)精準(zhǔn)診療還具有很遠(yuǎn)的距離, 未來(lái)的研究還需要繼續(xù)著力關(guān)注以下幾個(gè)問(wèn)題:
6.1 "融合多模態(tài)腦影像實(shí)現(xiàn)ASD全面表征
現(xiàn)階段, ASD的影像學(xué)研究大多是單模態(tài)、小樣本研究, 獲得的結(jié)果往往具有一定的差異, 且無(wú)法全面刻畫(huà)ASD大腦結(jié)構(gòu)與功能的細(xì)微變化。基于大樣本、多中心的多模態(tài)腦影像融合技術(shù)為多尺度、多層級(jí)對(duì)ASD進(jìn)行表征提供了新的手段。然而, 無(wú)論是利用圖像級(jí)融合、特征級(jí)融合還是決策級(jí)融合的ASD研究都處于起步階段。未來(lái)的研究可以基于多模態(tài)腦影像融合技術(shù), 發(fā)展低維度、個(gè)體化、參數(shù)化的分析框架, 全面揭示ASD的異常神經(jīng)常制, 尋找具有分類識(shí)別能力的影像學(xué)標(biāo)記物, 為實(shí)現(xiàn)ASD的輔助診斷及亞型分類提供客觀依據(jù)。
再者, 基于腦電的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ASD的頻譜功率、相干性以及半球不稱性均存在異常(Wang et al., 2013); 基于眼動(dòng)追蹤的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ASD相較于TD對(duì)面孔圖片以及社會(huì)性圖片都表現(xiàn)出了異常的注視模式(Kou et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2020); 腸道菌群的研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)ASD腸道菌群失調(diào)可能通過(guò)免疫反應(yīng)、腸胃系統(tǒng)等通路來(lái)影響腦與行為之間的關(guān)系(McElhanon et al., 2014; Noriega amp; Savelkoul, 2014; Vuong amp; Hsiao, 2017)。腦電、眼動(dòng)追蹤、腸道菌群等多源數(shù)據(jù)也有望為揭示ASD病理機(jī)制提供支撐。在今后的研究中, 除了多模態(tài)腦影像數(shù)據(jù), 還可以納入電生理、眼動(dòng)追蹤數(shù)據(jù)、生化指標(biāo)這些多源信息來(lái)構(gòu)建多中心、大樣本、多源異構(gòu)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù), 有效利用各模態(tài)的數(shù)據(jù)優(yōu)勢(shì), 加強(qiáng)信息互補(bǔ), 多維度、全方位探索ASD發(fā)生發(fā)展規(guī)律。
6.2""揭示“社會(huì)腦”網(wǎng)絡(luò)異常機(jī)制
回顧ASD腦影像的研究, 發(fā)現(xiàn)大多數(shù)的異常區(qū)域都集中在了“社會(huì)腦”網(wǎng)絡(luò), “社會(huì)腦”網(wǎng)絡(luò)是ASD大腦在不同層次上受影響最大的腦區(qū)。以往的結(jié)果在一定程度上支持了ASD的社交動(dòng)機(jī)理論假說(shuō)。“社會(huì)腦”網(wǎng)絡(luò)主要包括的區(qū)域有內(nèi)側(cè)前額葉、腹內(nèi)側(cè)前額葉、后顳上溝、楔前葉、梭狀回、額下回、額葉?腦島皮質(zhì)、杏仁核(Li, He,"et al., 2021; Misra, 2014; Sato amp; Uono, 2019)。這些腦區(qū)主要負(fù)責(zé)處理社會(huì)性刺激, 例如, 面孔識(shí)別、情感加工處理、眼睛注視、心智理論等(Sato amp; Uono, 2019), 這恰好與ASD的社交溝通等高級(jí)認(rèn)知功能損傷相符合, 因此“社會(huì)腦”網(wǎng)絡(luò)的異常可能導(dǎo)致大腦信息處理和整合障礙, 進(jìn)而影響ASD的社交、溝通以及行為表現(xiàn)。后續(xù)的研究可以融合多模態(tài)腦影像, 著力揭示ASD “社會(huì)腦”網(wǎng)絡(luò)的影像學(xué)機(jī)制。
在過(guò)去的十多年, 經(jīng)顱磁刺激作為一種非入侵性的神經(jīng)調(diào)控技術(shù), 在臨床研究中得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用, 成為了對(duì)包括ASD在內(nèi)的神經(jīng)發(fā)育障礙及精神疾病治療的新選擇(Iglesias, 2020; Kang""et al., 2019; Memon, 2021)。選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)拇碳ぐ悬c(diǎn)是取得預(yù)期調(diào)控效果的關(guān)鍵。例如, 初級(jí)運(yùn)動(dòng)皮層被用來(lái)提升運(yùn)動(dòng)控制、進(jìn)行康復(fù)訓(xùn)練以及治療運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙; 前額葉皮層被用來(lái)改善執(zhí)行功能、工作記憶、決策能力以及情緒調(diào)節(jié); 顳葉區(qū)域被用來(lái)治療言語(yǔ)障礙以及情緒障礙等。然而, 現(xiàn)有神經(jīng)調(diào)控研究中對(duì)于ASD社交核心癥狀的改善程度有限。基于現(xiàn)有的ASD腦影像研究結(jié)果, 我們推薦將來(lái)研究可以將“社會(huì)腦”網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的關(guān)鍵節(jié)點(diǎn)(例如, 背外側(cè)前額葉)作為刺激區(qū)域, 以此來(lái)改善ASD的社交障礙。然而, 未來(lái)還需要大量的臨床實(shí)證來(lái)驗(yàn)證這一推論。
6.3""助力臨床實(shí)現(xiàn)精準(zhǔn)診療
早期精確診斷可以為ASD兒童提供更早的干預(yù)治療, 有助于制定個(gè)性化的教育和康復(fù)方案。然而, ASD兒童異質(zhì)性強(qiáng), 且傳統(tǒng)診斷方式需要經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的專業(yè)人員進(jìn)行評(píng)估, 這使得早期診斷變得更加復(fù)雜。多模態(tài)磁共振腦影像為ASD的輔助診療提供了新的手段, 但是還面臨著樣本量小、模型參數(shù)維度高、可解釋性差、泛化能力差、多模態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)融合難、多中心數(shù)據(jù)協(xié)調(diào)沒(méi)有完善策略、早期預(yù)警難、異質(zhì)性強(qiáng)等諸多問(wèn)題。因此, 將來(lái)的研究需要基于多中心、大樣本數(shù)據(jù)深入挖掘具有早期診斷能力的影像學(xué)標(biāo)記物, 建立具有可推廣性、穩(wěn)定性的ASD早期預(yù)警及診斷模型, 從而實(shí)現(xiàn)早診斷、早干預(yù)。在此基礎(chǔ)上, 建立基于多模態(tài)腦影像的療效評(píng)估模型, 針對(duì)ASD不同亞型/維度制定不同干預(yù)策略, 優(yōu)化傳統(tǒng)單一的治療方案, 為臨床實(shí)現(xiàn)精準(zhǔn)診療提供客觀依據(jù)。
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Multimodal magnetic resonance imaging pattern recognition in autism spectrum disorder
SHAN Xiaolong, CHEN Huafu, DUAN Xujun
(School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731,"China)
Abstract: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by high prevalence, heterogeneity, and lifelong impact. The underlying mechanisms of ASD remain largely unknown. Multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as a novel tool to unveil the neuroimaging mechanisms of ASD. Studies based on single-modal MRI have already revealed widespread abnormalities in brain structure, function, and network connectivity in individuals with ASD. The affected regions encompass the amygdala, fusiform gyrus, orbitofrontal cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, superior temporal sulcus, and insula, many of which are implicated in the “social brain” network. While frameworks for multimodal brain imaging analysis, involving image-level fusion, feature-level fusion, and decision-level fusion, offer multidimensional and multilevel information for understanding neural mechanisms in participants, research on ASD based on multimodal MRI fusion is still in its early stages. Moreover, ASD-assisted diagnosis and subtype classification models based on MRI features hold promise for providing objective evidence for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Future research should aim to construct an integrated analysis framework that fuses multimodal brain imaging, incorporating information from various dimensions such as brain function, structure, and networks. This approach will comprehensively delineate the developmental patterns of ASD and reveal its atypical neurodevelopmental mechanisms. Additionally, future studies need to delve into the abnormal mechanisms of the “social brain” network in ASD, explore social impairment circuits, and identify potential precision neural regulatory targets, thereby assisting clinical efforts in achieving precise diagnosis and treatment for ASD.
Keywords:"ASD, multimodal magnetic resonance imaging, brain structure and function, ASD-assisted diagnosis, subtype classification