[摘要]"人類白細(xì)胞抗原G(human"leukocyte"antigen-G,HLA-G)是非經(jīng)典人類白細(xì)胞抗原Ⅰ類家族中的重要成員之一,參與免疫耐受和腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展過程,被視為腫瘤診斷和預(yù)后的標(biāo)志物。胞外囊泡(extracellular"vesicle,EV)因其廣泛存在且攜帶親代細(xì)胞的多種活性成分,在腫瘤免疫中發(fā)揮重要作用。作為循環(huán)中的另一種存在形式,攜帶HLA-G的EV(HLA-G-EV)同樣在腫瘤中發(fā)揮重要作用,與部分類型腫瘤的診斷、進(jìn)展和預(yù)后相關(guān),是潛在的腫瘤生物標(biāo)志物。本文就腫瘤源性HLA-G-EV作用的研究進(jìn)展作一綜述。
[關(guān)鍵詞]"惡性腫瘤;人類白細(xì)胞抗原G;胞外囊泡;外泌體
[中圖分類號(hào)]"R730.3""""""[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼]"A""""""[DOI]"10.3969/j.issn.1673-9701.2025.13.026
人類白細(xì)胞抗原G(human"leukocyte"antigen"G,HLA-G)是非經(jīng)典人類白細(xì)胞抗原Ⅰ類家族成員中重要的免疫耐受分子,與腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān),被認(rèn)為是部分類型腫瘤診斷和預(yù)后的標(biāo)志物[1-3]。胞外囊泡(extracellular"vesicle,EV)攜帶親代細(xì)胞的活性成分,參與免疫反應(yīng)、抗原呈遞、免疫監(jiān)視和免疫抑制等腫瘤免疫應(yīng)答的多個(gè)方面,在腫瘤免疫學(xué)中發(fā)揮重要作用[4-5]。現(xiàn)有關(guān)于HLA-G表達(dá)及作用的研究主要集中于組織和循環(huán)中的游離形式[6]。作為循環(huán)中HLA-G的另一種存在形式,攜帶HLA-G的EV(HLA-G-EV)被認(rèn)為與妊娠、間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞/基質(zhì)細(xì)胞和腫瘤有關(guān)[7-8]。研究表明腫瘤源性HLA-G-EV在黑色素瘤[9]、卵巢上皮性腫瘤[10]、結(jié)直腸癌(colorectal"cancer,CRC)[11-12]、腎癌[13-15]、乳腺癌[16-17]和胃癌(gastic"cancer,GC)[18]等多種惡性腫瘤中均有異常表達(dá),且與腫瘤的診斷、進(jìn)展和預(yù)后相關(guān),是潛在的腫瘤生物標(biāo)志物。本文就腫瘤源性HLA-G-EV作用的研究進(jìn)展作一綜述。
1""EV與HLA-G概述
EV是由多種細(xì)胞分泌的具有雙層膜結(jié)構(gòu)的高度異質(zhì)性囊泡群體[19-20]。根據(jù)大小及來源不同,EV主要分為3類:即直徑70~150nm的外泌體、直徑100~1000nm的微囊泡及直徑gt;500nm的凋亡小體[21]。EV包裹的內(nèi)容物來源于親代細(xì)胞,包含脂質(zhì)、多種核酸、活性蛋白分子和細(xì)胞代謝產(chǎn)物等。EV存在于血漿、尿液、乳汁、腦脊液、羊水及腫瘤細(xì)胞中,被認(rèn)為是細(xì)胞間信號(hào)傳遞的重要途經(jīng)之一[22]。研究表明EV攜帶親代細(xì)胞的多種活性成分,參與免疫反應(yīng)、抗原呈遞、免疫監(jiān)視和免疫抑制等腫瘤免疫應(yīng)答的多個(gè)方面,在腫瘤免疫學(xué)中發(fā)揮重要作用。關(guān)于EV在腫瘤中的作用,目前認(rèn)為可能是通過其與HLA-G和前列腺素E2(prostaglandin"E2,PGE2)等可溶性因子協(xié)同作用實(shí)現(xiàn)的[23-24]。
HLA-G是非經(jīng)典人類白細(xì)胞抗原Ⅰ類家族成員,具有低多態(tài)性和組織限制性分布特性,是重要的免疫耐受分子。初級(jí)轉(zhuǎn)錄物的選擇性剪接作用將HLA-G分為7種異構(gòu)體,其中HLA-G1、G2、G3和G4亞型為膜結(jié)合型,而HLA-G5、G6和G7缺乏跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域,為可溶型。在金屬蛋白酶剪切作用下,膜結(jié)合型HLA-G可轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榭扇苄虷LA-G(soluble"HLA-G,sHLA-G)[25]。HLA-G最初被發(fā)現(xiàn)在絨毛外滋養(yǎng)層表達(dá),作為免疫耐受分子在母胎界面維持母胎免疫耐受,保護(hù)胎兒免受母體免疫損害[26]。后續(xù)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)HLA-G在多種腫瘤中表達(dá)異常,通過抑制T淋巴細(xì)胞、自然殺傷細(xì)胞和樹突狀細(xì)胞,參與調(diào)節(jié)免疫細(xì)胞功能,利于腫瘤的免疫逃逸[27-28]。HLA-G在多種實(shí)體腫瘤和血液腫瘤中表達(dá)上調(diào),且與臨床病理及預(yù)后存在相關(guān)性,部分研究提示sHLA-G可作為腫瘤的診斷和預(yù)后標(biāo)志物。
2""HLA-G-EV的作用機(jī)制
HLA-G的生物學(xué)耐受功能是通過與細(xì)胞膜上特異性受體結(jié)合實(shí)現(xiàn)的。HLA-G通過與免疫球蛋白樣轉(zhuǎn)錄物(immunoglobulin-like"transcript,ILT)2、ILT4和殺傷細(xì)胞免疫球蛋白樣受體2DL4(killer"cell"immunoglobulin-like"receptor"2DL4,KIR2DL4)結(jié)合,抑制自然殺傷細(xì)胞的殺傷作用和細(xì)胞毒性T細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞溶解作用,發(fā)揮直接免疫抑制功能[29];通過誘導(dǎo)調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞的產(chǎn)生、上調(diào)抑制性受體表達(dá)及通過細(xì)胞間的胞啃作用等發(fā)揮間接免疫抑制作用[30-31]。此外,HLA-G還可通過促進(jìn)免疫平衡由輔助性T細(xì)胞(helper"T"cell,Th細(xì)胞)1向Th2細(xì)胞偏移,進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)免疫抑制效應(yīng)[32]。目前腫瘤源性HLA-G-EV的多數(shù)研究集中在HLA-G-EV的提取、鑒定、表達(dá)水平及與臨床病理、預(yù)后等相關(guān)性方面,而關(guān)于HLA-G-EV作用機(jī)制的研究較少。結(jié)合EV特性和HLA-G發(fā)揮作用的機(jī)制,猜測HLA-G-EV發(fā)揮作用可能通過以下途徑:①EV攜帶的HLA-G與靶細(xì)胞表達(dá)的特異性受體發(fā)生相互作用;②通過與細(xì)胞質(zhì)膜的EV融合將HLA-G直接轉(zhuǎn)移到靶細(xì)胞;③通過激活免疫調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞內(nèi)途徑(吞噬作用、微胞飲作用等)內(nèi)化攜帶HLA-G的EV[33-34]。然而,是否存在其他受體共同參與信號(hào)傳遞仍需探索。而外泌體中的HLA-G泛素化過程更加有利于腫瘤的免疫逃逸,是其發(fā)揮免疫耐受作用的另一種途徑[35]。
3""HLA-G-EV與惡性腫瘤
3.1""HLA-G-EV與黑色素瘤
Riteau等[9]發(fā)現(xiàn)由黑色素瘤原發(fā)病灶原代培養(yǎng)的黑色素瘤細(xì)胞系(命名為Fon)的培養(yǎng)上清中HLA-G1高表達(dá),且可在轉(zhuǎn)染HLA-G1"cDNA的M8細(xì)胞系(M8-HLA-G1)細(xì)胞表面檢測到HLA-G1的表達(dá)。此外,在該黑色素瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移灶培養(yǎng)細(xì)胞(命名為G2"Fon)膜表面亦可檢測到HLA-G1表達(dá)。體外實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)HLA-G1可同時(shí)穩(wěn)定表達(dá)于原發(fā)灶和轉(zhuǎn)移灶細(xì)胞中;在Fon和M8-HLA-G1細(xì)胞系外泌體中也存在HLA-G1表達(dá)。然而,HLA-G+腫瘤細(xì)胞釋放HLA-G+外泌體是否構(gòu)成腫瘤逃避免疫監(jiān)視的新途徑尚需進(jìn)一步研究。但該研究未對(duì)HLA-G1-EV在黑色素瘤中的作用機(jī)制進(jìn)一步探討。這是首次報(bào)道黑色素瘤來源的外泌體上存在耐受性HLA-G分子,該發(fā)現(xiàn)可能為腫瘤調(diào)節(jié)宿主免疫反應(yīng)提供一種新的途徑。
3.2""HLA-G-EV與卵巢上皮性腫瘤
Schwich等[10]研究表明與健康對(duì)照人群相比,卵巢上皮性腫瘤患者的HLA-G-EV水平增加7倍以上;國際婦產(chǎn)科聯(lián)盟(International"Federation"of"Gynecology"and"Obstetrics,F(xiàn)IGO)分期Ⅰ~Ⅱ期患者與健康對(duì)照人群的HLA-G-EV水平比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,而FIGO分期Ⅲ~Ⅳ期患者的HLA-G-EV水平顯著高于健康對(duì)照人群;術(shù)后腫瘤殘留患者的HLA-G-EV水平較術(shù)后無腫瘤殘留患者顯著升高。上述結(jié)果提示HLA-G-EV水平與腫瘤負(fù)荷相關(guān)。HLA-G-EV高表達(dá)患者的3年無進(jìn)展生存(progression-"free"survival,PFS)率顯著降低,其中位PFS率顯著低于HLA-G-EV低表達(dá)患者。鉑化療敏感、殘余腫瘤負(fù)荷和HLA-G-EV高表達(dá)狀態(tài)均是3年和10年P(guān)FS率的獨(dú)立預(yù)后因素,而HLA-G-EV表達(dá)水平與總生存(overall"survival,OS)無相關(guān)性。對(duì)鉑化療敏感的患者,HLA-G-EV高表達(dá)者的3年P(guān)FS率較HLA-G-EV低表達(dá)者顯著降低,無腫瘤殘留的HLA-G-EV高表達(dá)者的3年P(guān)FS率亦顯著降低。因此,HLA-G-EV被認(rèn)為是預(yù)測疾病復(fù)發(fā)、進(jìn)展的標(biāo)志物之一,特別是對(duì)鉑化療敏感、無殘留腫瘤的疾病進(jìn)展低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)患者。研究者認(rèn)為循環(huán)血HLA-G-EV水平升高與腫瘤負(fù)荷和不良臨床結(jié)局相關(guān),HLA-G-EV參與腫瘤的進(jìn)展,可作為腫瘤生物標(biāo)志物用于指導(dǎo)個(gè)體化治療。
3.3""HLA-G-EV與CRC
趙章生等[11]運(yùn)用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法和流式細(xì)胞術(shù)兩種方法研究外泌體sHLA-G在CRC患者血漿中的表達(dá)及臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值,結(jié)果表明兩種方法檢測的CRC患者外泌體sHLA-G水平均顯著高于良性結(jié)直腸息肉患者、腸道慢性炎癥患者和健康對(duì)照人群,提示外泌體sHLA-G具有潛在鑒別診斷結(jié)直腸良惡性疾病的臨床價(jià)值。臨床病理參數(shù)分析表明,外泌體sHLA-G與CRC腫瘤分期、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移及TNM分期顯著相關(guān),CRC術(shù)后血漿外泌體sHLA-G水平顯著低于術(shù)前水平,提示外泌體sHLA-G與CRC進(jìn)展和腫瘤負(fù)荷密切相關(guān),可能在CRC的發(fā)生發(fā)展中發(fā)揮重要作用。此外,在與臨床常用腫瘤標(biāo)志物癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic"antigen,CEA)和糖類抗原19-9(carbohydrate"antigen"19-9,CA19-9)診斷敏感度和特異性比較后發(fā)現(xiàn),外泌體sHLA-G在診斷CRC上優(yōu)于CEA和CA19-9,外泌體sHLA-G被視為CRC診斷的潛在生物標(biāo)志物。但該研究僅納入52例原發(fā)性CRC患者資料,更大樣本的研究驗(yàn)證將使結(jié)果更加具有說服力。Dhouioui等[12]也對(duì)HLA-G-EV與CRC的關(guān)系進(jìn)行研究,結(jié)果表明CRC患者血漿HLA-G-EV檢出率和表達(dá)水平均顯著高于健康對(duì)照組。臨床病理相關(guān)性方面,HLA-G-EV表達(dá)水平與CRC區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)。故研究者認(rèn)為HLA-G-EV是CRC的重要免疫標(biāo)志物。
3.4""HLA-G-EV與腎癌
Grange等[13]證實(shí)腎細(xì)胞癌干細(xì)胞CD105+CSC來源的EV可改變腫瘤微環(huán)境,刺激血管生成,促進(jìn)肺轉(zhuǎn)移過程。隨后該學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)CD105+CSC來源的EV上HLA-G高表達(dá),通過研究CD105+CSC及其EV對(duì)樹突狀細(xì)胞分化的影響,揭示HLA-G-EV參與體內(nèi)免疫調(diào)節(jié)。將單核細(xì)胞與CD105+CSC共培養(yǎng)后,單核細(xì)胞衍生細(xì)胞的分化標(biāo)記CD83、CD40和抗原呈遞分子HLA-DR表達(dá)顯著下降,CD3+T細(xì)胞的活化增殖受到抑制。來源于CD105+CSC的EV可顯著抑制樹突狀細(xì)胞的分化成熟和T細(xì)胞的活化和增殖。研究者認(rèn)為HLA-G-EV損害樹突狀細(xì)胞中單核細(xì)胞的分化過程,抑制T細(xì)胞的活化和增殖[14]。但該研究并未完全排除游離性HLA-G對(duì)免疫效應(yīng)細(xì)胞活化增殖的影響[15]。
3.5""HLA-G-EV與乳腺癌
K?nig等[16-17]研究外周血sHLA-G的2種存在形式,即游離性sHLA-G和外泌體源性sHLA-G,與乳腺癌新輔助化療(neoadjuvant"chemotherapy,NACT)的相關(guān)性。NACT治療前后,sHLA-G總量和游離性sHLA-G均顯著高于健康對(duì)照組。相比于NACT治療前外泌體源性sHLA-Glt;15ng/ml的患者,外泌體源性sHLA-Ggt;15ng/ml患者的3年P(guān)FS和OS顯著縮短,這可能與NACT治療前外泌體源性sHLA-Ggt;15ng/ml者的干細(xì)胞樣循環(huán)腫瘤細(xì)胞陽性比例明顯增高有關(guān)。HLA-G-EV的存在被視作NACT治療乳腺癌患者的負(fù)面預(yù)后因素。NACT治療前游離性sHLA-Ggt;24ng/ml患者的3年P(guān)FS和OS顯著長于游離性sHLA-G"lt;24ng/ml的患者;說明外泌體源性sHLA-G和游離性sHLA-G在行NACT治療的乳腺癌中發(fā)揮不同的腫瘤免疫作用,凸顯研究將sHLA-G分為游離分子形式和EV結(jié)合分子形式的重要性。
3.6""HLA-G-EV與GC
Mejía-Guarnizo等[18]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)GC患者血漿sHLA-G水平明顯高于胃良性病變者,女性GC患者的sHLA-G表達(dá)水平明顯高于男性。sHLA-G高表達(dá)的GC患者的OS率和無病生存率均低于sHLA-G低表達(dá)的GC患者。臨床分期校正后數(shù)據(jù)顯示sHLA-G高表達(dá)GC患者的癌癥死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是sHLA-G低表達(dá)者的2倍。此外,研究者還在sHLA-G高表達(dá)GC患者的外周血中發(fā)現(xiàn)外泌體膜存在HLA-G分子表達(dá)。研究者提取不同分期的20例GC患者外周血外泌體,并依次運(yùn)用納米粒子跟蹤分析、透射電子顯微鏡、斑點(diǎn)印跡實(shí)驗(yàn)和流式細(xì)胞術(shù)對(duì)所得外泌體sHLA-G-EV進(jìn)行鑒定和確認(rèn)。但該研究的樣本量小,且僅對(duì)所得sHLA-G-EV進(jìn)行鑒定,并未對(duì)GC外泌體內(nèi)HLA-G分子的精確組成、表達(dá)水平和可能作用展開研究探討。
4""展望
HLA-G在惡性腫瘤中發(fā)揮免疫抑制功能,被認(rèn)為是免疫治療中靶向腫瘤相關(guān)抗原理想的分子靶點(diǎn)。HLA-G-EV作為HLA-G發(fā)揮生物學(xué)作用、調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤免疫的另一種途徑,與腫瘤的進(jìn)展和預(yù)后密切相關(guān),是CRC、卵巢上皮性腫瘤和乳腺癌等腫瘤的潛在診斷生物標(biāo)志物。而HLA-G-EV中HLA-G的主要存在形式、作用機(jī)制和功能學(xué)研究等課題尚需進(jìn)一步深入研究。隨著人們對(duì)HLA-G-EV認(rèn)識(shí)的不斷加深,HLA-G將在腫瘤診斷、免疫治療和預(yù)后評(píng)估等方面展現(xiàn)出更大的潛力。
利益沖突:所有作者均聲明不存在利益沖突。
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(收稿日期:2024–12–02)
(修回日期:2025–04–15)