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觀賞桃新品種鄢粉1號的選育

2025-06-26 00:00:00喬雨軒焦雪輝岳長平史喜兵
果樹學報 2025年5期

圖分類號:S662.1 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2025)05-1116-0

Abstract:Yanfen No.1 is a new ornamental peach cultivar selected from the progeny of a cross between Yanhongzaohua as the maternal parent and Zaotiantao as the paternal parent. In 2O13,the hybrid fruits were harvested and the seeds were sown that year,successfully breeding 30 seedlings.In 2015,after the seedlings flowered, excellent individual plants were selected.The initial flowering period of this individual plant is around March 3rd,14 days earlier than thematernal parent Yanhongzaohua.The peak flowering period is spectacular, with high ornamental value. Subsequently, using peach as the rootstock,grafting propagation were carried out year after year. Characteristics such as flowers,leaves and fruits were recorded,and indicators such as flower diameter,internode length and fruit size were measured. It was found that the progeny traits were stable and consistent with the maternal plant’s performance,and it was tentatively named Yanfen No.1. In 2O24, the National Forestry and Grassland Administration reviewed and granted the new plant cultivar right.This cultivar has a medium tree vigor and an open tree shape.The branches are long and straight,and the flower branches are green with red spots. The number of flower buds is medium, with an average of 50 flowers per branch. The internode length ismedium,withanaveragelengthof 1.53cm .Thebudsaredeeppink and oval.The flowertypeis Chinese rose shaped and deep pink,with multiple petals and an average flower diameter of 37.79cm .The average numberof petalsis29,with themiddle petalsbeing 17.64mm long and 9.36mm wide, in the shape of an elongated oval. The average number of stamens is 47,shorter than the petals.There are 2 to 4 pistils,which are almost the same length as the stamens.The anther is orange-red.There are 1O sepals in two rounds.In Xuchang,Henan province,the initial flowering period is March 3rd,the peak flowering period is from March 8th to 2Oth,and the post flowering period is at the end of March,with a flowering duration of about 22 days.The fruit is greenish-white,round,and hairyon theskin.It is resistant to drought and cold, with strong resistance. It requires a low amount of chilling,and can be planted in areaswhere the chilling requirementis 30O to 5oo hours.

Key Words: Ornamental peach; New cultivar; Yanfen No.1; Early flowering

桃(Prunuspersica)為薔薇科(Rosaceae)李屬(PrunusL.)多年生落葉小喬木,以果實品質和觀賞特性分為果桃和觀賞桃兩大類。桃起源于中國,后傳入日本、歐洲,具有豐富的種質資源。目前,觀賞桃以花型豐富、花色艷麗多彩、花期早而長、株型多姿多態以及美好深厚的文化內涵成為中國著名的春季賞花樹種之一,應用場景逐步增多,開發覆蓋面日益擴大。然而在生產實踐中,觀賞性狀優良的桃花品種相對較少,一直以來,選育開花早、花形優美、香氣宜人、花朵稠密、花色喜人的優良觀賞桃品種是科研工作的重點[3]。

中國觀賞桃育種工作始于20世紀70年代,近年來陸續培育出紅線菊、粉垂菊、萬重粉、玲瓏紅及嫣紅早艷等品種[48],極大地增加了觀賞桃在花型和株型的豐富性。但觀賞桃始花期跨度較短,通常集中在3月中下旬,導致桃花景觀的延續性不足,因此培育低需冷量的早花品種,對滿足群眾冬季賞花的熱切需求、擴展年宵花市場、提高觀賞桃產業附加值具有重要意義。

1選育過程

2013年3月,以嫣紅早花桃為母本、早甜桃為父本進行雜交,采收果實并當年播種,成功繁育種苗30株。2015年3月,實生苗開花后,從中選出優良單株,該單株始花期3月3日左右,比母本嫣紅早花桃早14d,并且在花型、花色、萼片數量等方面表現出明顯的特異性。隨后以毛桃為砧木,進行嫁接擴繁。2016年,嫁接苗開花后,觀察記錄現蕾期、始花期、盛花期和末花期,記錄花、葉、果等性狀表現,測量花徑、節間長度、果實大小等指標。連續幾年進行嫁接繁殖,發現后代性狀穩定,與母株表現一致,初步定名為鄢粉1號桃(圖1)。2024年國家林業和草原局審查授予植物新品種權(品種權號:20240220)。

圖1觀賞桃新品種鄢粉1號Fig.1 Anewornamental peachcultivarYanfenNo.1

2主要性狀

2.1 植物學特征

鄢粉1號桃樹勢中等,成花容易,樹姿開張;枝條長直,花枝綠具紅斑紋,花芽量中等,以長枝著花為主,花芽起始節位為第3\~4節,單枝著花數平均50朵;節間長度中等,平均長 1.53cm ;花蕾深粉色,卵圓形;花型為月季型,深粉色,重瓣,平均花徑 37.79cm 平均花瓣數29枚,中層花瓣長 17.64mm ,寬 9.36mm 長卵圓形(表1);雄蕊數平均47枚,長度短于花瓣;雌蕊2\~4枚,與雄蕊近等長;花藥橘紅色;花萼紅褐色,有茸毛,萼片2輪共10枚,萼筒內壁黃綠色;葉片綠色,平展,披針形,葉緣具細鋸齒;幼樹和成年樹均以長、中果枝為主,自然結實,結果量中等,果實綠白色,圓形,個大,果皮有毛;核橢圓形,核紋數量中等。

表1鄢粉1號與相似品種的性狀對比Table1ComparationbetweenYanfenNo.1andsimilarcultivar

2.2 物候期

在河南省許昌地區,2月中下旬葉芽膨大,2月27日現蕾,始花期3月3日,盛花期3月8一20日,末花期3月底,開花持續時間22d左右,花期較長。6月中下旬果皮底色轉為綠白色,果實成熟,果實生育期95d左右。落葉期始于11月初,生長發育期275d左右。

3 栽培技術要點

鄢粉1號桃在培育期間表現出優異的適應性和抗逆性,適合在露地條件下栽培。需冷量較低,在滿足需冷量 300h 以上的地區均可栽植。忌澇喜疏松肥沃、排水良好的土壤,建議起壟嫁接繁殖。早春硬枝接,5一7月芽接,以毛桃為砧木,砧木株行距按照2m×3m 或 2m×4m 進行栽植。嫁接成活后,結合旋、耕、耙,每 666.7m2 施 50kg 復合肥。早春澆一次開凍水,秋末澆一次封凍水。夏季連續干旱時適當澆水。8月后,控制肥水。雨季及時做好排水防澇工作。定期修剪,控制樹形,防止徒長,有利于促進花芽分化,增加來年花量;在花芽膨大期應及時噴灑石硫合劑、氟啶蟲胺腈等,以防蚜蟲、螟蟲及根腐病等病蟲害的侵蝕。

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