主持人語:上輯主要從經(jīng)濟學的角度對成本途徑及其適用范圍進行討論,本輯重點結合評估中的折舊和重置成本法等易引起誤解的概念對成本途徑進行詮釋。
The cost approach considers the possibility that, as a substitute for the purchase of a given property, one could construct another property that is either a replica of the original or one that could furnish equal utility. One would normally not be justified in paying more for a given property than the cost of acquiring equivalent property, unless undue time, inconvenience, and risk are involved.In practice, the approach also involves an estimate of depreciation for older and /or less functional properties where an estimate of cost new unreasonably exceeds the likely price that would be paid for the appraised property.
成本途徑考慮了這樣一種可能性,即(某人為獲得某財產(chǎn)),不去購買該財產(chǎn),而是建造該財產(chǎn)的復制品或具有相同功能的財產(chǎn)。正常情況下,該人不會為該財產(chǎn)支付比獲得同樣財產(chǎn)的成本更高的價格,除非涉及到不適當?shù)臅r間、不便和風險因素。在實踐中,如果完全重置成本的估計不合理地高出為該被評估財產(chǎn)所付的可能價格時,成本途徑也需考慮由于老化和/或功能降低而引起的折舊。
The term depreciation is used in different contexts in valuation and in financial reporting. In the context of asset valuation, depreciation, refers to the adjustment made to the cost of reproducing or replacing the assets to reflect physical deterioration and functional (technical) and economic (external) obsolescence in order to estimate the value of the asset in a hypothetical exchange in the market when there is no direct sales evidence available. In financial reporting depreciation refers to the charge made against income to reflect the systematic allocation of the depreciable amount of an assets over its useful life. It is specific to the particular entity and its utilization of the assets, and is not necessarily affected by the market.Importantly to appraisers, accrued depreciation is a function of an accounting convention and do not necessarily reflect the market. In applying the cost approach, an appraiser estimates the market抯 perception of the difference between the property being appraised and a newly constructed property with optimal utility.
折舊這一術語在評估和財務報告(會計)領域中有著不同的應用。在資產(chǎn)評估領域中,折舊是指當無法獲得直接的相關銷售證據(jù)時,為估計在假定的交易中某資產(chǎn)的價值,對重置或更新該項資產(chǎn)的成本所進行的調整,以反映實體性損耗、功能性(技術性)和經(jīng)濟性(外部性)損耗。在財務報告領域中,折舊是指為反映某項資產(chǎn)在其有效使用期間系統(tǒng)提取的折舊額,從收入中進行的扣除。會計中的折舊是與特定的會計主體及其對資產(chǎn)的使用相對應的,并不必然受市場的影響。對評估師十分重要的一點是,應計折舊受會計原則的影響,并不必然反映市場狀況。評估師運用成本途徑時,應當估算市場對被評估財產(chǎn)與全新建造的、具有更佳功能的財產(chǎn)之間差異的認知。
本期詞匯:
Depreciation折舊。
“Depreciation”在中外會計界和評估界都是混用的術語,但有著不同的內涵,因此往往容易引起混淆。在我國引進國外評估理論和概念的初期,當時的評估人員主要都是財務人員,為避免不必要的混淆和誤解,在相當長的時期內,我國評估界通常改稱為損耗或貶值,以區(qū)別于會計上依據(jù)會計準則計提的折舊。
Depreciation replacement cost DRC 重置成本法。
“DRC”是評估中的重要概念,但各國評估界對其存在不同理解,雖沒有重大的本質區(qū)別,但仍會引起一些歧義,特別是《國際會計準則》第16號明確將DRC與收益法作為估測公允價值的替代方法后,更容易混淆。主要表現(xiàn)為:
第一, DRC本身可包括兩層不同的意思,一般理解是指一種評估方法即重置成本法,但在某些國家也可理解為一種價值類型,即通過重置成本法獲得的基于重置成本的價值類型。后者觀點雖然是少數(shù),但已經(jīng)足以引起不必要的誤解。
第二,作為一種評估方法,DRC與COST APPROACH(成本途徑)是什么關系?兩者是等同是還是包含關系?對此各國有不同的理解,體現(xiàn)在專業(yè)書籍中的表述也各不相同,有時將兩者混為一談,有時則有所區(qū)別。我國評估界也長期受此影響而將兩者簡單等同(見本刊7月期專業(yè)英語第四輯)。
第三:《國際會計準則16號----廠場設備》直接提出了DRC概念,規(guī)定:
If there is no market-based evidence of fair value because of the specialized nature of the item of property, plant and equipment and the item is rarely sold, except as a part of a continuing business, an entity may need to estimate fair value using an income or depreciated replacement cost approach.(IAS 16, para. 33)
如果由于廠場設備的特殊性,資產(chǎn)除作為持續(xù)經(jīng)營企業(yè)的一個組成部分外很少進行出售,無法獲得公允價值的市場基礎證據(jù),可以采用收益或重置成本途徑估測公允價值。(國際會計準則16號,第33段)
針對以上不同的理解,近年來,國際評估準則委員會下設的準則技術委員會努力進行澄清性解釋,其成果體現(xiàn)在《國際評估準則2005》中,指出DRC是成本途徑的一種具體(特殊)應用,希望這種解釋能夠有助于我國評估界對此問題的理解。
DRC is an application of the cost approach used in assessing the value of specialized assets for financial reporting purposes, where direct market evidence is limited or unavailable. (IVS2005, General Valuation Concepts and Principles, 9.4)
重置成本法是直接市場證據(jù)受限或無法獲得的情況下,在以財務評估為目的的業(yè)務中評估特殊資產(chǎn)價值時,對成本途徑的一種應用。(國際評估準則2005,基礎評估概念和原則,第9.4段)