介紹英語倒裝結構

摘 要：英語倒裝結構分為部分倒裝和全部倒裝兩種。部分倒裝共有9種常用形式，全部倒裝共有4種常用形式。本文對每種倒裝結構進行了詳細地講解，并提出了應該注意的一些問題。

關鍵詞：倒裝結構 用法 注意

英語句子一般語序應是主語在前，謂語在后。如果把謂語的一部分放在主語之前就叫做倒裝結構。這種結構分為部分倒裝和全部倒裝兩種。前者是指把助動詞、情態動詞或系動詞be放在主語之前，后者是指整個謂語動詞部分放在主語之前。

一、部分倒裝的基本用法

1.用于疑問句中

如：Have you finished your work?

When are you leaving for Paris?

2.only和它所修飾的狀語位于句首時

如：Only after liberation was he able to go to school.

Only this morning did I hear the good news.

Only in this way can you learn English well.

注意：only放在句首，強調主語時，語序不必倒裝。

如：Only Mr.Wang knows about it.

只有王先生知道這事。

3.用于以so，neither，nor開頭的句子，表示“也（不）……”意思時

Li Ming can speak three languages.So can I.

I don’t know where he lives.Neither does she.

The students were not in the classroom.Nor was the teacher.

注意：（1）當前面陳述句有兩個以上不同類型的謂語動詞時，如be，do或can等，或者既有肯定式又有否定式時，如have和hasn’t等，不能單獨使用so或者neither/nor，而應使用另外的句型結構。

如：1）-I like chicken，but I don’t like fish.

-So it is with me.

2）Tom is an American，but lives in China.It is the same with Jack.

（2）在so...that...結構中，如果so在句首，通常也用部分倒裝。

如：So easy is it that a boy can learn it.

So rapidly did he speak that we could hardly understand him clearly.

4.具有否定含義的副詞或連詞位于句首時。這些詞語是：not，never，seldom，scarcely，rarely little，not only，not until，no sooner...than...，hardly...when...，in no way，at no time，by no means，in no case，on no account，under no circumstances等

如：Never have I read such an interesting book.

Little did I think that I would lose the game.

Hardly had we gathered in the wheat when it began to rain.

No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain heavily.

5.虛擬條件從句省去if時，須用倒裝結構，其格式是：Were（Had，Should）+主語+主要動詞

如：Were he here，we would be able to solve the problem.

Had you come a few minutes earlier，you would have seen

him.

Should you dare to break the rule again，you would be

punished.

6.as引導讓步狀語從句時，將從句中的表語、狀語放在句首

如：Child as he is，he speaks English very well.

盡管他還是個孩子，他的英語說得很好。（注意此句型中，提到句首的單數名前不用冠詞。）

Scientist as she is，she wants to learn more.

Fast as you run，you can’t catch up with him.

7.由be引起的倒裝句表示讓步并帶有虛擬結構的特點，即用be原形

如：The business of each day，be it selling goods or shipping them，went quite smoothly.

（be it selling goods or shipping them=whether it is selling goods or shipping them）

每天的生意，無論是售貨還是運貨，都進行得很順利。

The experiences of a different nature，be it television watching or bird-watching，can lead to a self-renewal and a more “balanced” way of life.

某種不同性質的經歷，不管是看電視還是看鳥，都能導致自我更新和一種“平衡”生活方式。

8.頻度副詞 often，always 等出現在句首時，句子要倒裝

如：Often did we warn them not to do so.

Always will we remember the importance of the meeting.

9.to such a degree，to such an extent，to such a point放在句首表示程度，句子要倒裝

如：To such an extent did his health deteriorate that he was forced to retire.

他的健康狀況惡化，他被迫退休。

二、完全倒裝的基本用法

1.在以here，there，up，down，in，out，away等副詞開頭的句子里，主語是名詞時，句子倒裝以示強調。但主語是代詞時，主謂不倒裝

如：Here comes the bus.汽車來了。

There goes the bell.鈴響了。

In came the teacher.老師進來了。

但：Out he rushed.他沖了出去。

2.直接引語的一部分或全部放在句首時，主謂常倒裝，但主語是代詞時，一般不倒裝

如：“You all did well in the exam，”said the teacher.

“Teacher，”said the monitor，“ We owe our success largely

to your hard work.”

“Whom are you looking for?”she asked.

3.在there be句型中，主語總是在謂語之后，無論是在陳述句還是在疑問句中

如：There are some books on the desk.

Is there any ink in the bottle?

4.為了保持句子平衡或使上下文銜接緊密，或強調表語、狀語時，也可以用完全倒裝

如：Among them was a soldier who was wounded in the stomach.

他們中間有一名士兵腹部受傷。

Present at the meeting were the school headmaster，the English teacher and the students’ parents.

出席會議的有校長、英語教師和學生們的家長。

另外，部分倒裝或全部倒裝還可用于某些表示祝愿的句子。

如：May you succeed!

Long live the People’s Republic of China!

參考文獻：

［1］張道真.實用英語語法［M］.外語教學與研究出版社，2006：590-594.

［2］薄冰.薄冰英語語法［M］.開明出版社，2005：559-565.