定語從句在英語中應用極廣。英語的定語從句在句中對主句的先行詞或整句起限定或連續上文、附帶說明的作用。值得注意的是,在各類英語文章中,有些定語從句兼有狀語的職能,在意義上表示與主句有原因、結果、目的、條件、讓步的關系,相當于一個狀語或者狀語從句。因此有的語法家稱之為狀語化的定語從句。翻譯時,可加上“因為”、“因此”、“以便”、“如果”、“雖然”等詞,譯成漢語中相應的偏正復句。有的定語從句相當于一個狀語,也可用漢語的單句譯出。了解并熟識這種定語從句的含義和譯法,對提高閱讀和翻譯能力是很有裨益的。
下面將含有原因、結果、目的、條件、讓步等意義的定語從句分別舉例予以介紹。
一、表示原因的定語從句
In learning a language,one should first pay attention to speech,which is the groundwork of reading and writing.
學一門語言,首先應注重說,因為它是讀和寫的基礎。
這里的which is…相當于because it is…的意思。
Men best show their character in trifles,where they are not on their guard。
人們的性格在小節上表現得最為清楚,因為他們在這方面是漫不經心的。
He did not remember his father who died when he was three years old.
他三歲就死了父親,所以記不起他了。
There are no difficulties in finding the city,whose smoke was discernible 60 miles away.
要找到那城市是很容易的,因為它的煙在六十英里以外都可以望見。
二、表示結果的定語從句
He missed the train,which annoyed him very much.
他誤了那次火車,這使他心里感到很煩惱。
這里的which annoyed…相當于so that it annoyed…的意思。
(which引導的非限定性定語從句把前面整個句子當作它的先行詞,在這種情況下,關系代詞總是用which.)
Her head was covered with small curls that made her look wonderfully like a schoolboy.
她滿頭覆蓋著小卷發,使她看起來像一個男學生。
關系代詞that只能用于限定性定語從句,不能用于非限定性定語從句。
This sets in motion the Bainbridge reflex by which vagal effect is diminished and the heart rate increases.
這引起Bainbridge氏反射,因此迷走神經作用減弱,而心率加快。
That night such a frost ensued as we had never dreamed of.
那天夜里霜這么大,是從來沒有想到的。
翻譯such as+定語從句,不宜逐字死譯。此句譯文,僅供參考。
三、表示目的定語從句
Chinese delegations have been sent to Asian-African countries,who will negotiate trade agreements with the respective governments.
中國代表團已派往亞非國家,以便同各國政府進行貿易協定的談判。
這里的who will…相當于that they may…的意思。
He wishes to write an article that will attract public attention to the matter.
他想寫一篇文章,以引起公眾對這件事情的關注。
He soon learns the antics that take you in.
他很快學會那些怪腔調來騙你們。
這里的that take you in相當于in order to take you in,可譯成漢語的連動式,后面take in的動作是前面動作learn的目的。
四、表示條件的定語從句
Pieces of which are left in the rain become rusty.
鐵片如果被扔在雨里就生銹。
這里的which are…相當于if they are…的意思。
Anyone who does this is risking his life.
任何人(如果)干這件事,都得冒生命危險。
For any substances whose formula is known,a mass corresponding to the formula can be computed.
不管什么物質,只要知道其分子式,就能計算出與分子式相應的質量。
五、表示讓步的定語從句
The problem,which is very complicated,has been solved.
這個問題雖然很復雜,但已經解決了。
這里的which is相當于Although the problem is…的意思。
A gas occupies all of any container in which it is placed.
無論裝在什么容器里,氣體都會把它充滿。
Dr.Bethune,who was very tired on his arrival,set to work at once.
白求恩大夫雖然到達時很累,但立即開始工作。
此外,某些定語從句在意義上相當于一個表示時間的狀語從句,譯為“(當)……時”。例如:
I saw the Greens twice,who visited China last year.
去年格林先生一家訪問中國時,我見過他們兩次。
這里的who visited…相當于when they visited…的意思。
An electrical current begins to flow through a coil,which is connected across a charged condenser.
當線圈同充電的電容器相聯接時,電流就開始流經線圈。