[摘要] 隨著對外貿易的迅猛發展, 外貿函電的作用顯得越來越重要。作為重要的溝通方式, 外貿英語函電在詞匯、句法和篇章三個層面體現出鮮明的文體特征。對其進行分析,有助于更好地發揮其交際功能,提高函電的寫作能力,為企業樹立良好的形象并密切雙方的合作關系。
[關鍵詞] 對外貿易 函電 文體特征
一、引言
隨著全球經濟一體化和對外貿易的發展,商務活動日益頻繁。作為重要的商務溝通方式,外貿函電正在發揮著越來越重要的作用。它肩負著建立貿易雙方的業務關系、溝通商務信息、塑造企業形象等多方面的社會職能,成為商務社團共同使用的、特征鮮明的、高度約定俗成的交際事件。其特定的社會功能使其呈現出突出的格式化特征、語篇結構特征和文體特征。能夠在特定語境中體現特定文體功能的語言特征統稱為文體特征。語言在特定社會環境中所產生的表達效果和交際功能總是通過特定的語音、詞匯、句法、書寫特征和篇章結構予以實現的。基于此,本文對外貿函電這一特殊書面交際文體從詞匯、句法和篇章結構三個層面進行分析,旨在揭示其文體特征,加深對函電語篇的理解。
二、英語函電的文體特征
1.詞匯的特征
(1)措辭禮貌客氣
禮貌用語不但可以樹立企業的良好形象,為雙方合作創造友好的洽談氣氛, 還能事事留有余地,為進一步發展貿易關系奠定基礎。收到對方的函電,無論是否愿意接受或感興趣,都要以禮貌的語言表示誠摯的謝意。如對對方的要求表示不滿,措辭也要客氣,委婉。例如:
①Thank you for your letter of 10th November,enquiring for Forever Brand Bicycles.
②Thank you for your letter of 15th September, concerning the delayed delivery of the goods under the above Sales Confirmation.
③Thank you for your order for 50 reams of glass paper, but much to our regret, we can not agree to your payment by D/A.
在向對方提出要求或期望的同時也要使用禮貌得體的用語。例如:
①We should be much obliged if you would inform us,in confidence,of their financial standing and modes of business.
②It is highly appreciated if you would effect shipment immediately.
(2)You attitude即多從對方角度考慮問題
從本質上講,外貿函電的目的在于通過字面意思與言外之意的有機結合,說服收信人按照自己的意圖采取某個舉措,或接受某個想法。寫信人無論為了何種目的都要考慮語言策略。順利溝通的一個重要原則就是換位思考。在函電交流中,應多將自己置于對方的角度,設身處地為對方著想,盡量滿足對方的要求、需要和愿望,即多用You attitude,少用We attitude,使句子語氣顯得平和、友好,從而表現出對對方的尊重和禮讓。例如:
①If you take the quality into consideration,you will see that our price is reasonable .
這比說We think that our products are superior in quality and reasonable in price.要好得多。又如:
②If you are likely to require any of them during the next three months,we advise your placing the order now as prices are rapidly rising.
(3)多用專業術語和書面語
外貿函電涉及的是貿易活動,適用于貿易領域。因此,除了一般詞匯以外,還多用具有專業色彩的詞匯,如: certificate of origin(產地證), proforma invoice(形式發票), bona fide holder(善意持有人), performance bond(履約保證金), clean collection(光票托收), irrevocable L/C payable by sight draft(不可撤消的即期信用證)等。同時為了體現函電的正式性,莊重性和嚴肅性,較多使用較復雜的介詞短語如:in compliance with,in view of,with regard to, in connection with,as per,at request以及herein, therein, hereby等古詞語, 既體現出其帶有顯著的法律正式語體特征,在表意時又可避免表達上不必要的重復。例如:
①Thank you for your Order No.905 for 50 metric tons of Emery Powder, but regret being unable to accept your terms of payment mentioned therein.
②We regret to have found that there are certain clauses which do not conform to those of the contract. Hereby we list the discrepancies for your attention.
(4)多使用專業縮略詞
現代商務活動日趨高效快捷,隨著貿易的不斷發展, 大量《國際貿易通則》中通用的專業縮略詞常出現在函電中, 為業內人士互通有無提供了方便。例如:
①價格術語
CIF(cost,insurance and freight成本、保險和運費價)
CFR(cost and freight成本和運費價)
FOB(free on board船上交貨價)
CPT(carriage paid to運費付至 )
DEQ(delivered ex quay碼頭交貨)
②保險
FPA (free from particular average水漬險)
WPA (with particular average平安險)
AR (all risks一切險)
WR(war risk戰爭險)
③運輸
B/L(bill of lading提單)
FCL(full container load整箱貨)
LCL(less container load拼箱貨)
④支付
D/P(documents against payment付款交單)
L/C (letter of credit信用證)
T/T (telegraphic transfer電匯)
M/T (mail transfer信匯)
D/D (demand draft票匯)
可以看出,函電中的專業縮略詞不僅有助于增強語言的專業性和簡潔性,而且以簡短的形式,表達出豐富的信息,提高了工作效率,縮短了撰寫時間。
2.句法特征
(1)多用陳述句
在外貿函電中,由于對大量事項及業務需要解釋清楚, 故多使用陳述句。由于篇章本身不需表達任何感情色彩,基本上不采用感嘆句。例如:
Dear Sirs:
Your firm has been recommended to us by John Morris&Co., with whom we have done business for many years.
We specialize in the export of Chinese Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals, which have enjoyed great popularity in world market. We enclose a copy of our catalogue for your reference and hope that you would contact us if any item is interesting to you.
We hope that you will give us an early reply.
Sincerely yours,
(2)簡單句和復合句并用
外貿函電對文字表達既要求簡潔, 又要能完整地表達外貿業務進行的各種條件、方式方法和結果,使業務不出現任何疏漏之處,避免爭端。因此,較短的簡單句和稍長的復合句常交替出現。例如:
Through years of business dealing,our company has formed the following two packing practices for shirts exported to European countries. First, pack them in bales lined with polythene, each containing 50 pieces in one pattern. Second, pack them in plastic-lined, water-proof cartons, reinforced with metal straps. In view to expanding our business at your end, we are writing to you in the hope that we can set up a sole agency in your country, which is expected to enlarge the sales of our products.
(3)適時采用被動結構
在函電中, 交易雙方為了表明各自的立場和觀點,常使用主動結構的句式。在表達否定意義時,若采用主動結構,語氣就會顯得尖銳,對營造融洽的合作關系極為不利。此時,函電中應強調業務的履行情況,突出動作的對象,淡化動作的執行者。采用被動結構的句式,會使陳述顯得客觀、委婉。例如:
①The articles have just been received after a delay of a fortnight,for which no explanation has yet been given to us.
②The quality of your shipment for our Order No.423 has been found not in conformity with the agreed specification. A claim will be lodged against you for the amount of US$15,000.00. The CCIB survey report is forwarded herewith and your early settlement is requested.
3.篇章結構特征
(1)連貫
由于交流的雙方在時間和空間上的差距,幾乎每一篇信函的引言都要提及信函的指向。如在建立業務關系的信函中,通常先會告知對方是如何獲悉對方名址的。在寫給已有業務關系的對方函電中,寫信的一方要提及對方某一天的來信,或雙方已發生的某一筆交易。這體現了它連貫的語篇特征。例如:
①Having had your name and address from the Commercial Counselor’s Office of our Embassy in Pakistan, we avail ourselves of this opportunity to write to you and see if we can establish business relations with you.
②Thank you for your letter of September 18, 2007 giving us references , but regret to say that these are not what we require.
③We are glad to have received your letter of 10th November in connection with your enquiry for Butterfly Bicycles.
(2)情景呼應
除了使用語篇常用的語法和詞匯的銜接手段外,情景照應和編號替代手段頻繁使用。例如:
Thank you very much for your Order No.532 for model Z-33 drilling machines received on November 19, 2007.
該句your Order No.532 for model Z-33 drilling machines使用了情景照應手段,即函電中語義的照應通常是在雙方已經熟知的交易環境中實現。從此句可以推斷出對方已訂購了訂單號為532的鉆床,這在語義上形成照應,減少了傳遞信息中所產生的歧義,增強了語言的清晰度及表現力。
(3)層次鮮明
外貿函電往往強調一事一函, 便于對方答復, 以免發生混亂, 耽擱業務的開展。若其核心部分涉及不同事項,通常按主次順序分幾個段落進行說明。函電正文一般包括四部分:引言、詳情、應答和結束語。傳遞信息時,往往將信息置于句首,然后做出解釋,表明態度,最后用客氣禮貌的語言表示希望或謝意,給人順理成章,層次分明的感覺。例如:
Dear Sirs:
Re:S/C No.90-45897
We regret to inform you that we did not received your L/C covering the above Sales Confirmation till today. It is clearly stipulated in the said confirmation that the relevant L/C should reach us by the end of August. Although the time limit for the arrival of your credit has been exceeded, we are still prepared to ship your order in view of the long-term friendly relations between us.
However, owning to the late arrival of the L/C, we are unable to make shipment according to the date specified in the S/C. You are therefore requested to extend the validity of the L/C to the 26th November, 2006.
Please note that we require the amendment to L/C by the 30th September as otherwise we shall be unable to effect shipment at the time mentioned above.
We anticipate the early arrival of your amendment advice.
Sincerely yours,
三、結語
綜上, 外貿函電在詞匯、句子和篇章三個層次上體現出鮮明的文體特征。撰寫外貿函電不僅要熟悉業務知識,了解業務流程, 還要有扎實的語言基礎并掌握函電的文體特征,只有這樣才能發揮函電的書面交際功能,提高寫作水平。這對于維護企業形象,密切雙方的合作關系具有重要意義。
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