“延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞”與“非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞”

非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，即瞬間動(dòng)詞，表示這一動(dòng)作在一瞬間已經(jīng)完成，不具備延續(xù)性，而延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞則表示該動(dòng)作可以持續(xù)一段時(shí)間#65377;在英語中，延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可以和“for+ 一段時(shí)間”以及“since+一點(diǎn)時(shí)間”連用，而非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞則不能與之連用#65377;如:

Mary has learned Chinese in Qinghua University for three years.

瑪麗在清華大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)漢語已經(jīng)三年了#65377;(three years為“一段時(shí)間”)

Peter has been living next to me since 2006/two years ago/he came to Changsha.

彼特自從2006年(兩年前/他來到長(zhǎng)沙以后)就一直住在我的隔壁#65377;(2006，two years ago，he came to Changsha均為“一點(diǎn)時(shí)間”)

下面談?wù)剝烧叩膮^(qū)別與運(yùn)用#65377;

PART1

中學(xué)生常會(huì)寫出He has joined the army for four years. 這樣的錯(cuò)句子#65377;join是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，即瞬間的動(dòng)作，不能與表示一段時(shí)間的for短語連用#65377;那么要想表示這一概念，就得改變句子結(jié)構(gòu)#65377;常見的表達(dá)方式有:

1. 將非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞改為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞#65377;

如:

borrow/lend→keep

buy→have

finish/end→be over/through

arrive/come/go/move/reach/get to→be in/at/be here/be there

begin/start→be on

open→be open

close→be closed

die→be dead

leave→be away(from)

go to school→be in school/be a student

get up→be up

fall asleep→be asleep

fall ill→be ill

get to know→know

lose→be lost

become→be

return/come back/get back→be back

join→be in/be a...member

join the army→be in the army/be a soldier

receive/get a letter→have a letter

catch/get a cold→have a cold

begin to study→study

get ready→be ready

get out→be out

put on→wear

2. 改用一般過去時(shí)，用“一段時(shí)間+ago”作時(shí)間狀語#65377;

3. 改用下面的句型來表達(dá):

It is(has been)+一段時(shí)間+since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句;

一段時(shí)間+has passed+since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句#65377;

這樣一來，“他參軍4年了”就可譯為:

He has been in the army for four years.

He joined the army four years ago.

It is/has been four years since he joined the army.

Four years has passed since he joined the army.

再如，“那位老人死了3年了”可譯為:

The old man has been dead for three years.

The old man died three years ago.

It is(has been)three years since the old man died.

Three years has passed since the old man died.

基于此，how long是表示一段時(shí)間，用它提問的句子，也不能與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用#65377;如:車子我可以借多久?

不能說:

How long can I borrow the car?

應(yīng)當(dāng)說:

How long can I keep the car?

還有值得注意的是，若句子是否定句，這類非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞是可以與“for+一段時(shí)間”連用的，因?yàn)檫@時(shí)句子是表示一種狀態(tài)，而是一個(gè)動(dòng)作了#65377;如:

不能說:

I have heard from her for a long time.

我收到她的信已經(jīng)有很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間了#65377;

可以說:

I haven’t heard from her for a long time.

我已經(jīng)有很久沒有收到她的信了#65377;

PART2

在含有till/until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語或狀語從句中，非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞只能用于否定句中，即用于常見的not...till/until...(不到……不……;直到……才……)中，延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞多用于肯定句中，也可用于否定句中#65377;如:

I didn’t finish my composition until my mother came home last night.

昨天晚上直到我媽媽回來我才寫完我的作文#65377;

Many people watched the Opening Ceremony of the 29th Beijing Olympic Games until midnight.

許多人觀看第29屆奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)開幕式到深夜#65377;

PART3

在when/while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中，while只能與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用，而when則兩可#65377;如:

I was playing the piano when my teacher came in.

當(dāng)老師進(jìn)來時(shí)，我正在彈鋼琴#65377;(came非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，故只能用when)

When/While I was playing the piano， my teacher came in.

當(dāng)我正在彈鋼琴時(shí)，老師進(jìn)來了#65377;(play是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，故用when/while均可)

PART4

英語中的“一點(diǎn)時(shí)間”和“一段時(shí)間”要注意區(qū)分清楚:Monday，the year of 2008，last week，three o’clock等是“一點(diǎn)時(shí)間”，ten days，four years，five months，three hours等是“一段時(shí)間”#65377;我們?cè)诜g“在……以后”時(shí)，常常不清楚該用哪一個(gè)介詞#65377;事實(shí)上，不同的情況，要做出不同的處理#65377;如:

1. after Tuesday→接“一點(diǎn)時(shí)間”，可用于過去時(shí)態(tài)或?qū)頃r(shí)態(tài)#65377;

He went to Beijing after last Tuesday.

上個(gè)星期二以后，他到北京去了#65377;

They’ll meet again after Tuesday.

在星期二以后，他們將再次見面#65377;

2. after two days = two days later→接“一段時(shí)間”，只用于過去時(shí)態(tài)#65377;

They went home after two days.

兩天后，他們就回家了#65377;

3. in two days = two days away = in two days’ time→接“一段時(shí)間”，用于將來時(shí)態(tài)#65377;

They will finish the task in two days.

他們?cè)趦商熘畠?nèi)會(huì)完成那項(xiàng)任務(wù)#65377;

PART5

since從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞是“非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞”還是“延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞”，表達(dá)的語義是不同的#65377;如:

It is three months since he smoked.

他戒煙已經(jīng)三個(gè)月了#65377;

It is three mongths since he began to smoke.

他抽煙已經(jīng)三個(gè)月了#65377;

這種句子在翻譯時(shí)，要仔細(xì)，否則就很容易弄錯(cuò)#65377;再如:

It is two years since she left(graduated from) the university.

等于:It is two years since she studied in this university.

她在這所大學(xué)畢業(yè)已經(jīng)有兩年了#65377;

上兩句中，since與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞leave(graduate from)連用，時(shí)間的起算點(diǎn)要從動(dòng)作的起點(diǎn)算起，即她畢業(yè)時(shí)算起;since與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞study連用，時(shí)間的起算點(diǎn)要從動(dòng)作的終點(diǎn)算起#65377;

有一道高考題很能說明這一問題:

—Have a cigarette， please!

—No， thanks. It is two years since I .

A. began to smokeB. had smokedC. smokedD. didn’t smoke

這道題很多考生會(huì)誤選答案D#65377;

從這道題的語境來看，答話人不想抽煙，因?yàn)樗呀?jīng)戒煙兩年了#65377;正確的答案是C，即他脫離抽煙的狀態(tài)已經(jīng)兩年了#65377;答句可譯成:“不，謝謝#65377;我都戒煙兩年了#65377;”要是填上答案A，那意思就是“我抽煙兩年了”意即現(xiàn)在還在抽，與語境顯然不符#65377;

●鞏固練習(xí)●

1. He was about halfway through his meal _________ a familiar voice came to his ears.

A. why B. where C. whenD. while

2. _________the Internet is bridging the distance between people， it may also breaking some homes or will cause other family problems.

A. When B. While C. IfD. As

3. The man has fallen ill for six years.(改錯(cuò)題)

●答案解析●

1. C#65377;when是“就在此時(shí)”之意，并列連詞，且came是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，因此只能用when，不能用while#65377;

2. B#65377;while放句首，表轉(zhuǎn)折，雖然bridge是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，但when不能表示轉(zhuǎn)折之意，故選B#65377;句意為:“盡管網(wǎng)絡(luò)成為人們溝通的橋梁，但同時(shí)也破壞家庭或造成其他家庭問題#65377;”

3. fall是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用，故要將fallen改為been#65377;當(dāng)然這個(gè)句子也可以改為:

The man fell ill six years ago.

It is(has been)six years since he fell ill.

Six years has passed since the man fell ill.

編輯/梁宇清