【摘 要】錯誤分析理論是第二語言習得研究中的一個重要組成部分,對探索英語教學規(guī)律和改進教學方法具有重大的意義。語言學習是一個不斷出現(xiàn)錯誤、糾正錯誤從而不斷提高語言能力的過程。錯誤是了解語言學習過程內(nèi)在機制的一個向?qū)А?本文作者通過對南寧市一所普通中學高一學生在書面表達中出現(xiàn)的錯誤進行個案研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)其中的錯誤大部分是由于母語干擾和配合不當而造成的,小部分是由于語內(nèi)干擾造成的。作者希望通過本研究能為普通中學的英語教師教學提供一些有益的幫助。
【關鍵詞】書面表達 錯誤分析 普通中學 高一學生 個案研究
南寧十五中是南寧市直屬普通完全中學,學生來源相對于示范性高中來說有明顯的差異。對于普通高中的學生來說,英語的學習程度低與學習能力弱已成為不爭的事實,尤其是書面表達,歷年來學生在高考的寫作題中表現(xiàn)出整體水平低、得分少是一個普遍存在的現(xiàn)象。作為英語教師,只有對學生的錯誤進行全面的分析,有的放矢,從高一開始進行訓練與調(diào)整,才能讓學生避免常見的表達錯誤,提高學生的書面表達能力,為其今后語言學習的可持續(xù)發(fā)展打下堅實的基礎。
一、錯誤分析的概述
錯誤分析理論(error analysis)作為應用語言學的一個分支,產(chǎn)生于二十世紀六十年代末、七十年代初。為了對學習者的錯誤進行系統(tǒng)性的分析研究,確定其錯誤的來源,并用以說明外語學習的心理過程和學習者的語言系統(tǒng)的重要性,“錯誤分析理論”產(chǎn)生了。錯誤分析理論將研究的重點轉(zhuǎn)移到了語言學習者的身上,彌補了對比分析理論的不足,同時也充實了應用語言學的研究。
二、課程標準對高一學生書面表達的要求
根據(jù)教育部新課程標準提出的對中學生寫作能力的要求,高一學生應該“能用恰當?shù)母袷綄懕銞l和簡單的信函;能簡單地描述人物或事件,并簡單地表達自己的意見;能用恰當?shù)恼Z言書寫問候卡;能給朋友、筆友寫信,交流信息和情感;能對所寫內(nèi)容進行修改”。由此可見,書面表達就是在書面上體現(xiàn)語言交際能力的一種重要形式。
三、對南寧十五中高一學生書面表達中的錯誤分類與分析
1.語料的收集
該校高一學生378人,59%的學生在中考中取得了B或以上等級,符合大多數(shù)普通中學的學生等級層次。在聯(lián)考中,書面表達按高考得分設置,滿分25分,其得分比率如下:20分到25分28人,占7.4%;15分到19分103人,27.3%;10分到14分183人,占48.4%;5分到9分41人,占10.9%;0分到4分23人,占6%。為了增強對各層次學生書面表達能力的了解,保證語料的效度與信度,本人從各分數(shù)段的中間層次按6%隨機抽取了樣卷:22分與23分的樣卷各1份,17分與18分的樣卷各3份,14分的樣卷5份,13分樣卷6份,8分的樣卷1份,7分樣卷2份,3分樣卷1份,共抽取樣卷23份。
2.錯誤分類與描述
外語學習是一個十分復雜的過程,所以外語學習者在此過程中所犯的錯誤也是多種多樣的。本人結(jié)合抽樣制定了一個適合本次個案研究的分類方案,并據(jù)此對樣卷的錯誤進行了分類。
(1)過度概括或稱泛化規(guī)則(Overgeneralization or Ignorance of Rule Restrictions)
從overgeneralization一詞的構(gòu)成上,我們就可以看出,此類錯誤的特點是過度或超范圍使用規(guī)則。中學生產(chǎn)生此類錯誤的概率是相當高的。從語料來看,在高分層次的學生中,由于學生掌握的語法內(nèi)容較多,語法訓練進行得越多,泛化規(guī)則的概率就越高。學生在產(chǎn)生此類錯誤的時候有很強的規(guī)則意識,他們設法處處按照規(guī)則說出或?qū)懗稣_的句子。在語料中此類錯誤有:
As for me, English is not easy is to be learned. (to be done的泛化)
Why not to come to China?(not to do sth.的泛化)
I was advised searching for an American student as my epal.(advise doing sth. 的泛化)
I often play basketball with my friends in the Sunday morning.(in the morning 的泛化)
The main problem is in that I can’t find an American student around me.(have problem in doing sth. 的泛化)
(2)忽略規(guī)則(Ignorance of Rules and Forms)
從心理機制上看,此類錯誤的產(chǎn)生和前一類錯誤的產(chǎn)生有相反的背景:前一類是過度重視規(guī)則并突破具體限制;此類則是不管規(guī)則和語言形式。以漢語為第一語言的中國學生在學習過程中尤其是初高中階段有可能長期地犯這一類錯誤。在語料中此類錯誤有:
I Sunday always and my friends play basketball.(I always play basketball with my friends on Sundays.)
Please to Nanning visit me. (Would you please pay a visit to Nanning?)
I very like to listen to Pop music. (I like to listen to Pop music very much.)
I want to invited you to come here.(invite)
I often going online at night.(go)
My is outgoing. (I am)
當學生表達欲望增強時,忽略規(guī)則的現(xiàn)象就明顯增多。尤其在非控制性表達中,此類錯誤占有較大的比例。
(3)錯誤假定(False Concepts Hypothesized)
此類錯誤來源于一種并不明確但卻十分牢固的錯誤規(guī)則概念。is/am/are的泛化是此類錯誤的一個典型例子。抽樣的語料中經(jīng)常使用is/am/are來構(gòu)成語句。此類錯誤有:
I am agree with this idea.(agree)
So I am decided to use the internet to make friends.(decide)
I am like to sing Pop songs before.(like)
He was take us to many places by car at weekends.(took)
He has been found a good way to improve English.(has)
I don’t know what wrong is with my English. (what’s wrong)
(4)隨意遺漏(Omission)
此類錯誤的特點是在沒有意識到的情況下遺漏語句的某些成分。在語料中此類錯誤有:
I ∧ into playing computer games now.(am)
If ∧ have time, please come to Nanning.(you)
I hope∧ can tell my friends the true life in America.(I)
The trip ∧ very pleasant.(will be)
I will ∧ very happy if you can come to China. (be)
I want ∧ invite you ∧ visit China.(to)
I’ll do what I can ∧make you happy every day.(to)
∧Friend should offer help when you are in trouble. (A)
Instead ∧ listening to classical music, I ’m into pop music.(of)
They ∧eager to know everything about China. (were)
I ∧ fond of playing basketball. (am)
(5)有意添加(Additions)
此類錯誤的特點是有意識地把某些成分添加到語句之中。在語料中此類錯誤有:
Friendship is all what I want in life.(去掉 all )
I enjoy going online a lot of.(去掉 of )
Nanning is the city where I live in. (去掉 in )
I always go to home by bike with my classmates.(去掉 to )
I understand the friendship is about feelings.(去掉 the )
I’d like to know something about which your life in America.(去掉which)
(6)簡化規(guī)則(Incomplete Application of Rules)
此類錯誤的特點是不能“完全地”使用規(guī)則,說話人或?qū)懽髡吡晳T于使用在較早階段學到的規(guī)則,而不再關注那些較為復雜和較難接受的規(guī)則,這可能是因為學生在寫作時認為僅用簡單規(guī)則就可完成任務的緣故。在語料中此類錯誤有:
I am fond of play basketball very much.(playing)
They suggest ∧ an epal from America.(I should find )
There is a lot of local food ∧ eat.(to)
I can not live without friends.(could)
My aim is ∧ learn more about America and improve my English.(to)
Such as taste some local food, take a trip to Guilin...(tasting, taking)
(7)配合不當(Archiforms and Alternating Forms)
表層策略分類中的“早期編造錯誤”和“交替編造錯誤”可合為“配合不當”類。此類錯誤產(chǎn)生的機制屬于寫作者在表述過程中沒有想到如何正確地進行詞語配合。此類錯誤在書面表達得分10到16分的學生中比較普遍。在語料中此類錯誤有:
But now I am interesting in football.(interested)
I am fond for playing basketball very much. (of)
I enjoy making friend with others.(friends)
I have do a lot for all my friends.(done)
That is impossible for a selfish man to share what he owns with others.(It)
...so that I can get good marks in all my subject.(subjects)
I’m sure we’ll have a wonderfully time together. (wonderful)
I have never made friends with whomever is from other countries. (whoever)
It will not be long when I begin my life in senior school.(before)
You can write down some words what you want to tell me in your blog.(which/that)
I am looking for an America student as my epal. (American)
I want to study English good.(well)
I suggest write emails twice a week. (writing)
China is a big country have a long history. (with)
My interest is surfing the internet and playing basketball. (interests are)
I can talk with them.(to)
Sometimes I look books at home.(read)
I like to go online to see epals.(look for/find)
(8)語際干擾(Interference)
“干擾”問題一直是語言學習的研究者們所關心的問題。隨著“中介語”概念逐步被人們接受以及有關“中介語”的研究逐步深入,研究者多用interlingual的概念來代替interference的概念。但在我們掌握的調(diào)查取樣中,確有一部分屬于母語干擾型的錯誤,如:
All my friends ask me good good study, day day up.(to work harder and make greater progress)
In spite of say what,I think I can know more about you.(No matter what we talk about)
I make friend America student is in order to understand more American. (In order to have a better understanding of America, I would like to make a friend with an American middle school student.)
China is a long history big country.(China is a large country with a long history.)
There is a lot of food taste very good in China.(去掉There is)
I think to find a people help me English. ( I ’d like to find someone who can help me withmy English.)
I like go online look information make friend and play basketball. ( I like to go online to look for the information and make friends and also enjoy playing basketball.)
I am study in Nanning four middle school, name Li Ming, I need to search a American middle school student do my epal. ( I study in No.4 Middle School of Nanning. My name is Li Ming. I’d like to find an American middle school student as my epal.)
I often go out play and my friend. ( I often go out to play with my friends.)
四、結(jié)果分析與結(jié)論
根據(jù)對該校高一學生書面表達常見錯誤的分析,我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)對于普通中學的高一學生而言,由于他們學習的層次較低,導致了他們所犯的錯誤大部分是由于母語干擾和配合不當而造成的,少部分是由于語內(nèi)干擾造成的,所以我們可以作出以下結(jié)論:
1.配合不當所造成的錯誤,特別是動詞錯誤是學生書面表達中的主要錯誤
由于大多數(shù)英語教師在詞匯教學中都把單詞當成一個孤立的語言單位來教授,并未讓學生從語用角度去學習,通常都是先讀會單詞,講解漢語意思,再造句,甚至不進行造句練習,導致學生詞匯基本功不扎實,在語言輸出時極易產(chǎn)生各種類型的錯誤。
2.局部性錯誤比率遠遠高于全局性錯誤比率
由于初中階段學生已經(jīng)系統(tǒng)學習了各種簡單句的寫法,經(jīng)過初三時有針對性的加強訓練,大多數(shù)學生基本掌握了簡單句的書寫,但由于大班教學,教師關注的是學生產(chǎn)生的錯誤并進行相應更正,沒有找出錯誤的根源,使得學生只能一知半解。同時從以往的外語句型教學來看,教師往往是偏重于句子的結(jié)構(gòu)形式,而忽視了它的交際功能意義,導致學生學了許多句型結(jié)構(gòu),但在書面表達中,卻不會正確運用所學句型來表達思想,體現(xiàn)不同的交際功能。
3.詞匯拼寫錯誤主要集中在字母組合或音形相似單詞的分辨上
由于學生在識記單詞時主要采取機械記憶法,因此容易產(chǎn)生拼寫漏字母的現(xiàn)象。同時,由于在識記過程中,只采取了語音記憶法,沒有采取對比聯(lián)想等相關的方法,導致相似單詞的誤用。
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(責任編輯 周侯辰)