七個改變世界的孩子(下)

四、Iqbal Masih

Iqbal Masih was a Pakistani boy who was sold to a carpet industry as a child slave at the age of 4 for the equivalent of $12. Iqbal was held by a string to a carpet loom in a small town called Muridke near Lahore. He was made to work twelve hours per day. Due to long hours of hard work and insufficient food and care， Iqbal was undersized. At twelve years of age， Iqbal was the size of a six-year old boy. At the age of 10， he escaped the brutal slavery and later joined a Bonded Labor Liberation Front of Pakistan to help stop child labour around the world， and Iqbal helped over 3，000 Pakistani children that were in bonded labour， escape to freedom. Iqbal gave talks about child labour all around the world.

He was murdered on Easter Sunday 1995. It is assumed by many that he was assassinated by members of the “Carpet Mafia” because of the publicity he brought towards the child labour industry. Some locals were accused of the crime， however.

In 1994， Iqbal was awarded the Reebok Human Rights Award. In 2000， when The World’s Children’s Prize for the Rights of the Child was formed， he was posthumously awarded this prize as one of the first laureates.

五、Nkosi Johnson

Nkosi， born Xolani Nkosi， was born to Nonthlanthla Daphne Nkosi in a township east of Johannesburg in 1989. He never knew his father. Nkosi was HIV-positive from birth， and was legally adopted by Gail Johnson， a Johannesburg Public Relations practitioner， when his own mother， debilitated by the disease， was no longer able to care for him. The young Nkosi Johnson first came to public attention in 1997， when a primary school in the Johannesburg suburb of Melville refused to accept him as a pupil because of his HIV-positive status. The incident caused a furor at the highest political level—South Africa’s Constitution forbids discrimination on the grounds of medical status—and the school later reversed its decision.

Nkosi was the keynote speaker at the 13th International AIDS Conference， where he encouraged AIDS victims to be open about the disease and to seek equal treatment. Nkosi finished his speech with the words.

\"Care for us and accept us-we are all human beings. We are normal. We have hands. We have feet. We can walk， we can talk， we have needs just like everyone else-don't be afraid of us-we are all the same!\"

Nelson Mandela referred to Nkosi as an “icon of the struggle for life.” He was ranked fifth amongst SABC's Great South Africans. At the time of his death， he was the longest-surviving HIV-positive born child.

Together with his foster mother， Nkosi founded a refuge for HIV positive mothers and their children， Nkosi’s Haven， in Johannesburg. In November 2005， Gail represented Nkosi when he posthumously received the International Children’s Peace Prize from the hands of Mikhail Gorbachev. Nkosi’s Haven received the US $100，000 prize money from the KidsRights Foundation as well as a statuette which has been named the Nkosi in Nkosi Johnson’s honour. Nkosi’s life is the subject of the book We Are All the Same by Jim Wooten.

六、Om Prakash Gurjar

At the age of five， he was taken away from his parents and for three years he worked in the fields. After he was rescued by activists of Bachpan Bachao Andolan， Om campaigned for free education in his native Rajasthan. He then helped to set up a network of what are known as “child friendly villages”， places where children’s rights are respected and child labour is not allowed. He also set up a network that aims to give all children a birth certificate as a way of helping to protect them from exploitation. He also worked to ensure children are given birth certificates. He says such registration is the first step towards enshrining children’s rights， proving their age， and helping to protect them from slavery， trafficking， forced marriage or serving as a child soldiers.

He was awarded the International Children’s Peace Prize by former South African President FW de Klerk， who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.

七、Thandiwe Chama

A 16-year-old Zambian girl， Thandiwe Chama of Lusaka’s Chawama township has scooped the 2007 International Children’s Peace Prize beating 28 other nominees from across the world. The prestigious prize was presented to Thandiwe in The Hague on Sunday by Nobel Peace Laureate， Betty Williams and Live8 initiator， Sir Bob Geldof. The Prize consists of a statuette-“the Nkosi” - and 100，000 euros， which are to be awarded to a direct aid project in the spirit of the young winner’s efforts.

In 1999， when she was only eight-years-old， her school was closed because there were no teachers. Thandiwe refused to accept this and led 60 other children in walking to find another school. As a result， all the children were taken into the Jack Cecup School. Strengthened by this achievement， Thandiwe has been fighting ever since for the right to education for all children. Thandiwe continues to impress， for example by speaking in church about children and AIDS - an issue not always discussed easily in churches. With a friend， she wrote and illustrated a booklet called “The Chicken with AIDS”， telling young children about the perils of AIDS.

“It’s so important to know that also a child has rights. At school I learned about rights. And I knew then that this was something I wanted to fight for. Because if children are given an opportunity， they for sure can contribute in making this world a better place.” — Thandiwe Chama

四、伊克巴爾·馬薛(1982~1995)

伊克巴爾·馬薛是一名巴基斯坦男孩，4歲時被父親以相當于12美元的價錢賣給一家地毯工廠當童工。在拉合爾市附近的Muridke小鎮上，伊克巴爾被死死地鎖在了織毯機上，他每天被迫工作12小時。由于長時間的重活和欠缺足夠的食物與照顧，伊克巴爾比一般的孩子矮小。12歲時，他的身高只相當于一個6歲孩子的高度。10歲時，他從野蠻的奴役中逃了出來，接著參加了巴基斯坦抵債勞動自由陣線，幫助世界的禁止童工運動。伊克巴爾幫助超過3000名巴基斯坦抵債勞動的兒童重獲自由，并在世界各地發表關于童工問題的演講。

他在1995年復活節遭謀殺。由于他宣揚打擊童工業，很多人猜想他是被“地毯黑幫”的成員所殺，不過一些當地人也被指控有罪。

1994年，伊克巴爾被授予銳步人權獎。2000年，兒童權利的國際兒童獎設立，作為其中第一批獲獎者，伊克巴爾在死后被授予了這一獎項。

五、 恩科西·約翰遜(1989~2001)

恩科西，乳名Xolani Nkosi，1989年出生在約翰內斯堡東邊的一個小鎮上，生下來被喚作Nonthlanthla Daphne Nkosi。他對他的父親一無所知。恩科西出生時就是艾滋病病毒攜帶者，被約翰內斯堡的公關從業員基爾·約翰遜合法收養，而他的生母，被疾病折磨得疲憊不堪，已無法再照顧他。1997年，位于約翰內斯堡郊區的梅爾維爾的一間小學以小恩科西是艾滋病病毒攜帶者的身份為由拒絕接收他，此時小恩科西首次引起了公眾的注意。這一事件甚至在最高的政治層引起了一股騷動——南非憲法禁止歧視特殊疾病狀況的群體——學校后來改變了它的決定。

恩科西是第13屆國際艾滋病會議的主題發言人。在會上他鼓勵艾滋病受害者公開病情并尋求平等的治療。他以這樣一段話結束他的發言:

“在意和接納我們——我們同是人。我們也是正常的。我們擁有手，擁有腳;我們會走路，會說話，我們有和任何一個人一樣的需要——不要害怕我們——我們是一樣的!”

納爾遜·曼德拉把他稱為“為生命而戰的偶像”。在南非廣播公司的最偉大的南非人評選中，他名列第五。直到他去世時，他已是攜帶艾滋病出生孩子中生存最長的人。

恩科西和他的養母在約翰內斯堡為攜帶艾滋病的母親和她們的孩子建立了一個庇護所——恩科西避難所。2005年11月，基爾代表恩科西在他死后從米哈伊爾·戈爾巴喬夫手中接過國際兒童和平獎，恩科西避難所從兒童基金會獲得了100，000美元的獎金和一尊為紀念恩科西并以他的名字命名的小雕像。Jim Wooten以恩科西的一生為主題寫了《我們是一樣的》一書。

六、 阿曼·普拉卡什·歌賈(1992~)

5歲時他被帶離了父母身邊并干了長達3年農活。被拯救兒童組織的積極分子解救以后，阿曼在他的家鄉拉賈斯坦邦為免費教育斗爭。接著他又幫助建設著名的“兒童友好村”廣播網，一個尊重兒童權利和禁止童工的網絡。同時他也建立起一個旨在給予每個兒童出生認證的網絡，作為一個保護兒童出生權免受剝奪的方法。他也致力于確保兒童得到出生認證的工作。他說這種的登記是保護兒童權利，核對兒童年齡，幫助保護他們免于奴役，買賣，逼婚和充當童軍的第一步。

他被前南非總統、1993年諾貝爾和平獎得主德克勒克授予國際兒童和平獎。

七、 坦迪維·查馬(1991~)

來自贊比亞盧薩卡Chawama小鎮的16歲女孩坦迪維·查馬擊敗其他28名來自世界各地的提名候選人，一舉擄獲了2007年的國際兒童和平獎。這一極具聲望的獎項在星期天在海牙由諾貝爾和平獎獲獎者Betty Williams和Live8創始人Bob Geldof爵士頒發給坦迪維。獎品是一座價值100，000歐元的“恩科西”小雕像，該獎旨在嘉獎年輕獲獎者在直接參與幫助事件上所付出的精神努力。

1999年，小坦迪維只有8歲，她的學校因師資短缺而關閉。她拒絕接受這一事實，帶著其他60名同學步行尋找另一間學校。結果全部學生都被Jack Cecup學校接收。受著這一次成功的鼓勵，坦迪維自此一直為兒童的受教育權斗爭。坦迪維繼續給我們帶來深刻印象，例如她在教堂發表關于兒童和艾滋病的演講——一個不易也不常能在教堂討論的話題。她和朋友寫了一本附有插圖的小冊子叫“艾滋病小孩”，告訴孩子們艾滋病的危害。

“知道即使是一個小孩也有他的權利是非常重要的。我在學校學到了權利。我也知道這就是我想為之戰斗的東西。因為如果孩子們得到了機會，無疑他們會為世界變得更美好貢獻他們的一份力。”——坦迪維·查馬。