長難句的主要類型與破解方法

準確理解和把握長難句是考生應該掌握的一項閱讀技能。針對長難句，要學會利用句法知識來理解，先判斷句子的主干部分，而對句子的修飾、補充成分，可以先忽略不看。在理解了句子的主干意思后，再理解修飾、補充成分。同時，句子中的標點符號也是一個很重要的判斷依據，要充分利用標點符合，幫助我們判斷句子的主干和修飾成分。長難句主要有以下幾種類型:

一、簡單句中含有復雜的修飾成分

常見的修飾成分有介詞短語、非謂語動詞作定語或狀語。

破解方法:跳讀那些做修飾成分的介詞短語和非謂語結構，把握句子的主干。如:

(2007A)Indeed， any serious student of antique should spend as much time as possible visiting palaces， stately homes and museums to see some of the finest examples of clocks from the past.

句子的主干是student should spend time，句子為spend time doing sth 結構;句中any serious 和of antique 作students的定語;places， stately homes and museums作visiting的賓語，to see some of the finest examples of clocks from the past 不定式短語作目的狀語。

實戰演練1:指出句子主干和修飾成分。

1. The Danes have done a better job than most in promoting arts in Europe， considering their country’s size and population， in the field of architecture， sculpture and design.

2.(2008A) From clothing and hairstyles to activities and expectations， earlier generations of parents and children often appeared to move in separate orbits.

二、兩個句子成分之間被插入語等所分隔

為了調整語氣或補充信息，或為了平衡句子結構，避免頭重腳輕，在語法關系密切的兩個句子成分之間往往加入同位語、插入語、定語從句、破折號等，這也會給我們理解增加了難度。

破解方法:跳過插入成分，關注標點符號(如破折號，兩個逗號之間的同位語)。如:

(2009廣州一模)The boy， who had remained silent and deep in thought on the journey home， replied in a way that shocked his father.

句子的主干是The boy replied，主語和謂語這間被非限制性定語從句who had remained silent and deep in thought on the journey home分開了。

實戰演練2:指出句子主干和起分隔作用的成分。

1.(2007C) Malaria， the world’s most widespread parasitic(寄生蟲引起的) disease， kills as many as three million people every year—almost all of whom are under five， very poor， and African.

2.(2007C)For decades， the first-choice treatment for malaria parasites in Africa has been chloroquine， a chemical which is very cheap and easy to make.

三、從句套從句，環環相扣式

有時，一個從句套著另一個從句，環環相扣，或并列分句中又含有從句，使得考生搞不清楚整個句子結構。其實，不管句子有多長，結構有多復雜，它只由兩部分構成，即主干和修飾成分。主干是句子的主要成分，是整個句子的骨架，包括主謂賓結構或主系表結構。而修飾成分在句中只起修飾或補充主干的作用，它既可以是單詞，也可以是短語，也可以是從句，尤其是定語從句和狀語從句。

破解方法:(1)確定并列連詞(but， and， so ， or， ，for)，從句連接詞(that， which， what， when， how ， whether， if ， where， because， though);(2)跳讀定語，狀語從句等;(3)先讀懂并列句，再看主從復合句。如:

(2009C)Sire shows in her book a deep concern about the fall of handwriting and the failure of schools to teach children to write well，but many others argue that people in a digital age can’t be expected to learn to hold a pen.

本句是由表轉折的but 連接的并列句。argue 后面還跟賓語從句that people in a digital age can’t be expected to learn to hold a pen.

實戰演練3:

1.(2007B)If we told the clerk about the uncharged item， the clerk would be grateful and thank us for our honesty and we would leave the store with a quiet sense of honor that we might never share with another soul.

2.(2009讀寫)The reason why Jackie and her fellow koalas are repeatedly awoken from their deep sleep is that they can be hugged and photographed by tourists，who make the trips to Featherdale and an increasing number of other national parks for just that special experience.

此外，還有強調句、倒裝句、虛擬語氣、雙重否定等特殊句式，可能會給考生造成理解上的困難，考生要掌握好這些語法項目，筆者在此就不多談了。

總之，快速把握句子主干是理解長難句的關鍵。我們必須學會分析句子結構，把握句子主干，準確理解句子意思，有效提高閱讀速度。

參考答案:

實戰演練1:

1. 句子主干The Danes have done a better job，其中considering their country’s size and population， in the field of architecture， sculpture and design.介詞短語做狀語。

2. 句子主干為earlier generations appeared to move in separate orbits.. 其中From…to…介詞短語結構作狀語。

實戰演練2:

1. 本句的主干是Malaria kills people(主謂賓);句中the world’s most widespread parasitic disease是Malaria的同位語，起補充說明作用;almost all of whom are under five， very poor， and African是非限制性定語從句，補充說明people。

2. 本句的主干是the first-choice treatment has been chloroquine(主系表);介詞短語For decades是時間狀語，for malaria parasites in Africa作定語，a chemical是chloroquine的同位語，which is very cheap and easy to make是定語從句，修飾a chemical。

實戰演練3:

1. 前面的if引導一個條件狀語從句，后面是主句;主句是由and 連接的并列句，即:the clerk would be...and we would leave...;在這并列的主句中，后一主句又含有一個由that引導的定語從句，修飾a quiet sense of honor。

2. 本句是The reason why....is that ...句型，其中why 引導定語從句，that引導表語從句;在表語從句中，who 引導一個非限制性定語從句，補充說明tourists。

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