基礎(chǔ)寫作備考三策略

2007—2010廣東英語高考基礎(chǔ)寫作的話題統(tǒng)計(jì)表。

關(guān)于如何備考基礎(chǔ)寫作，筆者著重提三條建議:

一、以話題為中心積累相關(guān)詞句

從上表可以看出，基礎(chǔ)寫作的話題都來自于教材。考生只要積累相關(guān)的話題素材，儲(chǔ)備相關(guān)的詞匯，在考試中就可以有話可說、有句可用。從必修1到必修8可整合出約19個(gè)話題，即友誼、語言(學(xué)習(xí))、旅游與交通、自然與災(zāi)害、人物、文化遺產(chǎn)、體育、科技、動(dòng)物保護(hù)、世界與環(huán)境、休閑娛樂、飲食與健康、國(guó)家風(fēng)貌、媒介與溝通方式、急救、文化與藝術(shù)、人與社會(huì)、社會(huì)熱點(diǎn)和校園生活。

我們應(yīng)當(dāng)學(xué)會(huì)以話題為中心對(duì)相關(guān)的詞和句進(jìn)行歸類和整合。現(xiàn)以必修1 Unit 4 Earthquake 為例，談?wù)勅绾问占c常見話題相關(guān)的詞句。

二、以謂語為中心支撐句子骨架

謂語動(dòng)詞決定了一個(gè)句子的骨架結(jié)構(gòu)，以謂語動(dòng)詞為中心是英語造句的重要原則。考生在連詞成句時(shí)一定要明確句子必須包含兩個(gè)部分:“主語+謂語”。主語一般由名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的成分來充當(dāng)，謂語都是用動(dòng)詞來充當(dāng)。一個(gè)句子有了主語和謂語動(dòng)詞之后，一個(gè)句子的基本骨架就成形了，但意思往往還不夠完整，還需要在動(dòng)詞后面接其他成分。具體接什么成分，這是由謂語動(dòng)詞決定的。動(dòng)詞決定了一個(gè)句子是否有賓語，或者幾個(gè)賓語，或者是否需用補(bǔ)足語等。要提高遣詞造句的能力，就要把重點(diǎn)放在如何正確使用動(dòng)詞上面。

以2008廣東英語高考基礎(chǔ)寫作的范文為例，動(dòng)詞或短語動(dòng)詞在句子的表達(dá)中起重要作用。(黑體字部分)

Shooting， originated as a means of survival， developed into a sport only in the late 19th century. The sport first appeared in 1896， but none were contested during the 1904 and 1928 games. The sport returned to the Olympics in 1932. Women were first allowed to compete in the Olympic shooting in 1968. The sport has grown steadily from just three shooting events at the 1896 Olympics， toseventeeneventsin allnow.

從近幾年高考基礎(chǔ)寫作范文中的動(dòng)詞使用情況來看，句子的謂語大多由實(shí)義動(dòng)詞和短語動(dòng)詞來充當(dāng)。

三、了解英漢表達(dá)差異，抵制漢語思維

我們?cè)谄綍r(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)中要注意了解英漢兩種語言傳遞信息的模式差異。漢語是“意合”，即句子傳遞信息的前后關(guān)系和邏輯順序主要靠“字序”的排列或句子意義的本身來體現(xiàn)。句子沒有一定的主謂框架限制，比較少用介詞、短語介詞和連接詞，句子間的邏輯關(guān)系比較松弛。如“他病了沒來。”中就沒有連詞，但從意思上可推測(cè)“病了”是原因，“沒來”是結(jié)果。而英語是“形合”，即句子以“主謂結(jié)構(gòu)”為全句的出發(fā)點(diǎn)，借助各種關(guān)聯(lián)詞進(jìn)行搭架，如連詞、介詞、關(guān)系詞等，其形式比較嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，缺乏彈性。比如要表達(dá)“他病了沒來。”就要使用連接詞because或so或使用其他語法手段:

He was ill， so he was absent.

He was absent because he was ill.

Being ill，he was absent.

我們有的同學(xué)因受到了漢語意合思維表達(dá)的影響，在作文中往往出現(xiàn)以下之類的語篇錯(cuò)誤。請(qǐng)注意比較正誤表達(dá)的不同:

1. 主謂不清。

[誤]Tom， one of my best friends， who is always praised by his parents.

[正]Tom， one of my best friends， is always praised by his parents.

2. 斷句不準(zhǔn)。

[誤]Water becomes an important part in our daily life. Because we cannot live without it.

[正]Water becomes an important part in our daily life because we cannot live without it.

3. 缺乏過渡詞。

[誤]The second hand smoke is bad for our body. The rules of banning smoking are often ignored by some people in our city.

[正]The second hand smoke is bad for our body. However， the rules of banning smoking are often ignored by some people in our city.

4. 亂用過渡詞。

[誤]The air in the countryside is fresh， then many people like to live there.

[正]The air in the countryside is so fresh that many people like to live there.

[誤]A graduate wants to be employed， so he must have a successful job interview first.

[正]If a graduate wants to be employed， he must have a successful job interview first.

5. 句意不連貫。

[誤]Because many students play net games in net bars， it is becoming more serious.

[正]Many students play net games in net bars， which is becoming more serious.

此處，考生要熟記并掌握一些常用的過渡詞以及他們所表達(dá)的邏輯意義。如:

舉例:for example， such as， ...

對(duì)照:on the contrary， while...

轉(zhuǎn)折:though， but， however....

原因:because， due to， ...

結(jié)果:so， therefore， as a result of，....

遞進(jìn):furthermore， what’s more， not only...but also， ...

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