省略是高中英語學習的重點和難點,也是每年高考考查的熱點。在解題時,除了應特別注意進行語境分析,從上、下文中找出相關的省略成分外,還應對省略的考查熱點有所了解,從而做到有的放矢,找到解題的突破口。
一、 考查簡單句中的省略
此考點考查簡單句中句子成分的省略,如主語、謂語、賓語和主謂語。
省略主語常出現在祈使句中,其他省略主語多限于少數現成的說法。例如:
(I) Thank you for your help.(括號內為省略的內容,下同)
(I) See you tomorrow.
(It) Doesn’t matter.
省略主謂語(或謂語的一部分)后,通常只剩下表語、賓語、狀語或其他成分。例如:
(I’m) Afraid I can’t come.
(Have you) Got any ink?
【試題鏈接】— It’s a long time since I saw my sister.
—her this weekend?(2007年全國卷Ⅰ)
A. Why not visit B. Why not to visit
C. Why not visitingD. Why don’t visit
【解析】答案為A。本題考查省略主謂語,這里why not visit = why didn’t you visit,這種既注重基礎又兼顧生活交際的試題,其實多數學生感覺很容易,能得出正確答案。
二、 考查賓語從句中的省略
賓語從句中的省略情況有兩種。第一是為了避免重復,省略賓語從句;第二是在以that引導的賓語從句中,可省略引導詞that。但在含有兩個that引導的賓語從句中第一個that可省略,第二個that不能省略。例如:
Tom has gone home, but I don’t know why (he has gone home).(省略賓語從句)
I heard (that) he had gone abroad. (省略賓語從句的引導詞that)
【試題鏈接】The report says the Internet is developing rapidly, andthe world’s information superhighway is already beginning to take shape.(2010年福建聯考卷)
A. why B. thatC. whenD. where
【解析】答案為B。該題考查that引導的并列賓語從句,says后并列的兩個以that引導的賓語從句即使省略了第一個that,第二個that可不能省略。
此外,若省略了整個從句或從句的一部分時,常用so或not(切不可用it或that)代替。例如:
— Is he coming back tonight?
— I think so.
— Is he feeling better today?
— I’m afraid not.
這種用法常見的有“Is that so?”“I hope so”“He said so”以及“I suppose not”“I believed not”“I hope not”等。(但“I don’t think so”比“I think not”更常用)
【試題鏈接】 — What’s the noise? It sounds as if it comes from upstairs.
— . It must be the window-cleaner working, next door. (2010年陜西卷)
A. I’m not sureB. I hope not
C. I’d rather notD. I don’t think so
【解析】答案為D。本題考查賓語從句的省略,答語省略了從句,用so代替,若補全:I don’t think the noise comes from upstairs.
三、 考查狀語從句中的省略
此考點考查狀語從句中省略主謂語的情況,在由when, while, as, once, whenever引導的時間狀語從句,由if, unless引導的條件狀語從句,由though, although, even if, even though引導的讓步狀語從句,由as though, as if, as引導的方式狀語從句,由because引導的原因狀語從句,由wherever引導的地點狀語從句中,若從句的主句是it或與主句的主語相同,且在謂語中含有be動詞時,常省略從句的主語和be動詞。例如:
When (she was) asked, she didn’t answer a word.
We may try again when (it is) necessary.
【試題鏈接】The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise, if regularly, can improve our health. (2010年浙江卷)
A. being carried out B. carrying out
C. carried outD. to carry out
【解析】答案為C。本題考查if條件狀語從句中的省略情況。句子的主語是the experiment,謂語動詞是shows, that引導賓語從句。賓語從句的主干是:proper amounts of exercise can improve our health, if regularly是插入的條件狀語從句,從句的主語是proper amounts of exercise,此時應用it代替前面提到的主語,條件狀語從句的主語與主句的主語一致,并且含有is,故省略了it is,其完整形式是:if it is carried out。句意為:這項實驗表明,適當的運動,如果有規律地進行,能夠有助于我們的身體健康。
另外,在條件狀語從句中,當主句和從句內容相同時,可省略從句,常用so或not代替,即if so或if not。
【試題鏈接】Some of you may have finished Unit One., you can go on to Unit Two. (2009年江西卷)
A. If you mayB. If you do
C. If notD. If so
【解析】答案為D。考查狀語從句中的省略。“If so”代替“If you have done so”.
四、 考查定語從句中的省略
此考點考查限定性定語從句中省略的三種情況。第一是當先行詞在從句中作賓語時可以省略關系代詞that, which或whom;第二是在以the same ... as和such ... as引導的定語從句中,可以省略與主句相同的部分;第三是the way后面的定語從句中,可以省略that或in which。例如:
Is this the reason he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work? (先行詞在從句中作賓語,省略關系代詞)
What surprised me was not what he said but the way he said it. (the way后定語從句省略引導詞)
【試題鏈接】— Do you have anything to say for yourselves?
— Yes, there’s one point we must insist on.(2006年江西卷)
A. why B. whereC. how D. /
【解析】答案為D。先行詞point 在定語從句中作賓語,關系代詞that 省略。
五、 考查并列句中的省略
在并列句中,如果后面的分句與前面的分句有相同的部分,為避免重復,可將相同的這一部分省略掉。例如:
He teaches English and his brother maths. (省略相同的謂語動詞teaches)
We have been waiting for her to come back to see us, but (we have been waiting) in vain. (省略了與前面分句中相同的成分主謂語)
【試題鏈接】He has made a lot of films, but good ones. (2007年北京卷)
A. anyB. someC. fewD. many
【解析】答案為C。省略了but 后并列分句的主謂語he has made。
六、 考查不定式符號to的省略
不定式的省略有以下幾種情況。
1. 并列的不定式可省去后面的to。例如:
I told him to sit down and wait for a moment.
2. 前有do, 后無to。
(1) 介詞but前若有動詞do,后面to do中的to省略。例如:
The boy has nothing to do but play.
(2)用is連接,不定式做表語時前面主語中有do時后面表語to do的to常省略。例如:
What I want to do is help you to study.
3. 感官動詞或使役動詞后接不定式作補足語時,往往將不定式符號to省略。例如:
I don’t like milk, but mother made me drink it.
【試題鏈接】— Excuse me sir, where is Room 301?
— Just a minute. I’ll have Bobyou to your room. (2007年北京卷)
A. showB. shows
C. to showD. showing
【解析】答案為A。考查have后不定式賓補中to的省略。
七、 考查虛擬語氣中的省略
高考對虛擬語氣中省略的情況主要從以下兩方面考查。
1. 考查在if引導的虛擬條件句中,若省略了連詞if,則直接把were,had或should放在句首,句子其余成分的順序不變。
【試題鏈接】fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off. (2006年湖北卷)
A. Would you be
B. Should you be
C. Will have been working
D. Had worked
【解析】答案為B。句意為:如果你被解雇,你的醫療保障和其他利益不會立即停掉。與將來事實相反,相當于if you should be fired。
2. 考查在表示“堅持、要求、命令、建議”之類的動詞后的賓語從句中,謂語動詞要用 “should + 動詞原形”形式,should 可省略。這樣的動詞有:一個“堅持”——insist;兩個“命令”——order, command;三個“建議”——suggest, advise, propose;四個“要求”——demand, request, require, urge。
【試題鏈接】The woman boss told the customer that it was none of her business and ordered that heaway at once. (2010年浙江聯考題)
A. wentB. go C. goes D. going
【解析】答案為B。考查虛擬語氣中省略should的情況。這里是order引起的賓語從句,且從句謂語動詞用should+動詞原形的形式,should可以省略。