雙劍合璧,方能立于不敗之地

臺州市2009學年第一學期高二期末英語考試后，很多學生對自己的英語成績感到不滿意，尤其是閱讀理解題失分嚴重，很多學生說能看懂四篇閱讀理解文章的大意，不過做起選擇題時覺得模棱兩可，這個選項也行，那個選項也對。本人與學生一起深入地分析了閱讀部分，對命題教師的良苦用心深表感謝，因為這部分對我們的教學有不少的啟示。通過對試題的分析，總結了學生閱讀理解題失分主要存在以下兩個方面的原因：

一、對細節的理解不到位

1. 不關注詞匯在語境中語意的變化以及受母語的影響

一般來說，細節理解題往往要求學生在閱讀后帶著問題回歸原文相關的句子或段落中去查找答案，這一點很容易做到。但是， 有些學生在理解過程中，卻忽略了詞在選項中所表達的意思和在文章中所表達的意思在含義方面的區別，將其混為一談，結果導致選擇錯誤。請看A篇文章及第42、43題（以下例題均保留原題號）：

Hi， Antonio，

I read your blog and guess what? Now I have a summer job with my neighbor moving their lawn and doing work around their house and I am getting paid. I do the same work at my house but the pay is better at the neighbor’s. Have a great summer， man!

Posted by: Jack

Dear Antonio，

My son is 15 and he has been begging for a summer job. Do you know of any place that hires children of that age?

Posted by: Vallery

Hi， Antonio，

I am 13 years old and trying to earn money to take a trip with my chorus to Hawaii. I am willing to do any work at any hour during the summer.

Posted by: Ashley Jordan

Hi， Antonio，

I am 19 years old， a college student and I am looking for a summer job. Does anyone know somewhere that is hiring? I have been looking for two weeks now.

Posted by: Erica Allen

Dear Antonio，

My daughter is working in the file room at the law firm I work for and I am very happy that we were able to get her on. My concern is that she wouldn’t have got the summer job if I had not “known” people. What about kids whose parents do not know someone?

Posted by: Tracy

Hi， Antonio，

I found my summer job on my own and my parents are so proud of me because I did it on my own. That is why the world needs teens who can take responsibility for themselves and grow into mature and wise adults. Can’t wait for your next blog. I enjoy your writing. You have a great point of view.

Posted by: Jeff

42. From the above posts we learn that______.

A. Vallery has been begging in streets over the summer

B. Jack gets paid for cutting and moving the lawn for his own family

C. Erica is quite experienced in finding parttime jobs

D. Ashley is willing to do any parttime job during his trip to Hawaii

43. What do we know about Tracy from her post?

A. She operates a law firm.

B. She helped her daughter become a lawyer.

C. She’s proud that she has got her daughter a job.

D. She hopes to know more people to help kids get jobs.

對于42題，很多學生選A， 而正確的選項是B，因為A 選項Vallery has been begging in streets over the summer中的beg意思是 ask for food， money， etc;而在閱讀理解短文中的意思是ask in a serious way， 這二者不能混為一談。不少學生見到相同的詞就選，為此我們教師要提醒學生必須關注詞匯在語境中語意的變化。

43題正確選項是C，而很多學生選D，因為原文中有“What about kids whose parents do not know someone?”其實這兩者根本不構成因果關系，也就是說“What about kids whose parents do not know someone?”并不能說明“She hopes to know more people to help kids get jobs.”而學生不選C的原因是對proud一詞沒有正確的理解，他們說proud中文意思是“驕傲的，自以為了不起的”，是個貶義詞，而其實proud英文意思是“feel pleased and satisfied about sth. that you have done or own”。可見學生可能因受到母語的影響，而做出錯誤的選擇。因此我們英語教師授課時要盡量用英語解釋英語。記得特級教師何小怡也曾經說過，英語教師應該具備用英語來解釋單詞詞義的能力。

2.不能識別出替換了的句式結構

在閱讀理解中，命題者利用一些近義詞、句等來替換原文中的語言表述，從而考查學生的語言功底和領悟上下文的能力。學生只要具備一定的詞匯量和理解上下文的能力，很容易就能確定答案。問題是，一些學生往往不能識別出這種替換了的句式結構，從而導致理解不暢。請看B篇中的47題：

47. By saying “It remains to be seen whether ...”(Paragraph 4)， Jerry Bingham intends to express______.

A. his angerB. his doubt

C. his agreementD. his criticism

第47小題的正確選項應該是B，因為doubt 的英文釋義是 feeling of uncertainty，而“It remains to be seen whether ...”也是表達疑慮的一種方式。為此，在日常教學中，我們教師要讓學生練習用不同的句型句式來表達相同的意義， 比如:It is not satisfactory. 可以替換為 It is far from satisfactory.也可以訓練學生用不同的形式表達同一功能意念項目。

3.不善于甄別貌似正確的選項

為數不少的學生在解答細節理解題時，有時覺得簡單，就憑著印象和暫時的記憶作選擇，不回歸原文進行對照區別，或者即使回歸原文也不仔細對比差別，就急于作選擇，殊不知出題人恰恰利用了學生這一心理，專門設置一個與原文相近的選項，干擾學生解題，例如C篇文章及第52題：

“Young Japanese and Koreans can be good friends， but there are limits in some areas. We avoid political or historical topics，” said Hiroaki Ohmura， 24， a gradstudent in computer science at Tsukuba University. He was at Korea University in Seoul as an exchange student last year.

Before going to ROK in 2007， some students warned him that Korean society could exclude(排除，拒絕)him and it could be difficult to enter. “I took that advice with a grain of salt， since Koreans looked friendly on TV dramas and movies，” said Ohmura.

The undergraduates in his major were all polite to him. They helped him move into the dormitory， invited him to parties and taught him Korean.

But he did feel a distance between himself and other students. “Their society is very tight and so close that， as a foreigner， I couldn’t break into it. For instance， they invited me to computer games， but not to join the school’s football team. They like going shopping with me， but not to buy Japanese products. It was more or less embarrassing.”

But he soon found the proper balance. “Japanese fashions always seem the most trendy in Asia. In my opinion， Korean fashions come from ours， or at least they borrowed some elements（元素）， but I never expressed that opinion，” Ohmura said. “Instead， I liked to share the trendiest Japanese items with them， which made our talk easier.”

Even though he was only in ROK for a year， he wanted to change something.

“In my opinion， Chinese students got along better than us with Koreans. It might be because ROK and China have tighter relations historically and culturally，” he said. “I know some Koreans don’t have a good impression about the Japanese， but as a young man， we should not let the past disagreement affect us too much.”

52. The passage is mainly about______.

A. some tips for exchange students

B. the worry of an exchange student

C. what Korean society is like for foreigners

D. Hiroaki’s experience of crosscultural communication

第52題正確選項是D，但是不少學生選C，因為在這篇文章中，多次出現Korean，society，foreigner等詞，所以學生做題時，看到選項C 中有那么多剛才讀過的詞，就毫不猶豫地選中了這個答案。另外，部分學生對D選項中的crosscultural communication不太理解而不敢選，這說明學生沒有對選項進行逐一甄別。

4.不能擺脫思維定式的束縛

很多學生由于思維定式，導致在這次考試中出現理解錯誤，對此教師在講解時，要引導學生回歸原文，關注細節，加以注意。請看D篇文章及第54題：

Astronauts aboard the space station celebrated a space first on Wednesday by drinking water that had been recycled from their urine(尿)， sweat and water got from air. They said “cheers” to NASA workers on the ground.

The urine recycling system is needed for astronaut stations on the moon and Mars. It also will save NASA money because it won’t have to ship up as much water to the station by space shuttle or cargo rocket. Besides， it’s important as the space station is about to expand from three people living on board to six.

The recycling system had been brought up to the space station last November， but it couldn’t be used until samples（樣品） were tested back on earth. So when it came time to actually drink up， NASA made a big deal of it. The threeman crew stood holding their drinks and congratulated engineers in two NASA centers that worked on the system.

“This is something that had been the stuff of science fiction，” American astronaut Michael Barratt said before taking a small mouthful. “The taste is worth trying.”

The new system takes the combined urine of the crew from the toilet and moves it to a big tank， where the water is boiled off， and the vapor is collected. The rest of the urine is thrown away. Then the water vapor is mixed with water from air， and then it goes through filters (過濾器). When six crew members are aboard， it can make about six gallons from urine in about six hours.

“Some people may find the idea of drinking recycled urine distasteful， but it is also done on earth， but with a lot longer time between urine and the tap，” said Marybeth Edeen， the space station’s national lab manager.

The technology NASA developed for this system has already been used for quick water purification after the 2004 Asian tsunami.

54. Which is the RIGHT time order of the following events?

a. The samples of the recycled water were tested on earth.

b. Astronauts celebrated the space’s first making water from urine.

c. The recycling system was brought up to the space station.

d. The technology for the system was used to quickly purify water.

A. a， d， c， b B. a， c， b， d

C. d， a， c， b D. d， c， a， b

對第54題，有的學生回憶說，他們在解題時根據常識是這樣理解這道題的：首先是水回收凈化技術的發明，接著是試驗水的樣品，試驗后再安裝在空間站上，最后飲用，所以他們選擇C。 而正確選項是D，由此可見學生沒有去仔細閱讀原文中“The recycling system had been brought up to the space station last November， but it couldn’t be used until samples（樣品）were tested back on earth. So when it came time to actually drink up， NASA made a big deal of it.”這一細節。這種由于思維定式導致的理解錯誤，在學生的閱讀理解中屢見不鮮，但只要我們稍加點撥，學生就能明白。

綜上所述，教師和學生對細節題或多或少都存在重視不夠的現象，這必然會導致學生失分嚴重，所以我們師生都不能只關注文章籠統的意思而忽視對語言細節的理解。另外，《普通高中英語課程標準》明確指出，學生在閱讀過程中應該“分清文章的事實和觀點”，“了解重點細節”和“理解指代關系”。因為事實細節是文章的重要組成部分，它能進一步說明文章的主旨和大意，是作者表達中心思想的具體途徑。

二、對解題技巧的掌握不嫻熟

至于獲取閱讀理解高分的另一把寶劍，那便是解題時采用的排除法。如果在某些情況下學生從正面選擇答案有困難，就可以考慮選用排除法，即排除四個選項中的三個錯誤選項，那么剩下的選項即為正確答案。我們可以要求學生遵循如下“三級思考”的方法來排除干擾項：

如果干擾項明顯與文章相矛盾，即為“誤”，可以直接排除；

如果干擾項與文章內容不矛盾，但在文中沒有依據，這種脫離原文的“虛”的選項也可以排除；

有些干擾項似乎很有道理，文中也能找到相關的依據，但它并不能完全滿足題目的要求，未能以文章的主題、作者的思維模式為出發點，未能充分體現嚴謹性和最大的合理性，這種雖沒錯但不是最佳答案的“偏”選項也應該排除。

只要考生經過“是否矛盾（誤）—是否有依據（虛）—是否以偏概全（偏）”的逐級思考過程來分析和甄別每一個選項，那么解題的正確率就會得以提高。正確的答案應該是與原文意義一致的選項，或是經過“三級思考”仍不能排除的選項。以學生出錯最多的D篇來說，先看第53題：

53. According to the text， the recycling system is important because______.

A. it makes traveling to the moon for the average person possible

B. with it NASA won’t need to ship any water up to the space station

C. it can help meet the need for more water after the crew is expanded

D. it protects the environment in space by reducing the amount of waste

選項A屬于“虛”，選項B屬于“誤”，選項D屬于“偏”，所以正確選項是C。

54題正確選項是D，上文已經解釋過。

55. From paragraph 5 we can know______.

A. an opinion on recycling urine

B. the process of recycling urine

C. the effect of the recycling system

D. the theory behind the recycling system

選項A屬于“誤”，選項C屬于“偏”，選項D屬于“誤”，所以正確選項是B。

56. What is the best title for the text?

A. New Technology Is Used in the Space Station

B. Drink up: Space Station Recycles Urine to Water

C. The Research of NASA Has Made Great Progress

D. Good News: Water Recycled from Urine Tastes Good

選項A屬于“偏”，選項C屬于“誤”，選項D屬于“虛”，所以正確選項是B。

總而言之，我們教師在指導學生解答閱讀理解題時，唯有既要讓學生關注事實細節，又要注重對學生解題技巧的培養，這樣才能把閱讀理解教學落到實處，使學生在語言學習上有所收獲。雙劍合璧，方能立于不敗之地！

（責任編輯 周侯辰）