方言中的負遷移對安徽省語音影響的研究

A study of the negative transfer of dialect on phonetics in Anhui province

摘 要：我們知道，本土語在第二語言習得中扮演中重要角色，我們不能忽略它的存在，很顯然方言也在二語習得中也扮演中關鍵性的角色，因為任何人都是首先習得方言，這篇論文從實際例子出發，討論了安徽方言對學習英語語音的負遷移現象，通過討論，我們試著尋找策略來縮小安徽方言的負遷移影響，提高英語教學。

關鍵詞：方言；習得；負遷移

[中圖分類號]：H179 [文獻標識碼]：A

[文章編號]：1002-2139（2012）-24--02

Introduction

The negative transfer of dialect on English phonetics is a common problem in China， why does it exist？ Before learners learn a second language， they have been using their mother language to communicate each other for a long time， so they have been very familiar with the rules of their mother tongue， when they learn a second language， they may transfer some rules into the second language unconsciously. Since each dialect has a deep effect on learning English， especially the effect on the phonetics， the paper from the practical examples analyses the negative transferred phenomenon of English phonetics of the dialect in An Hui province. For a student in Anhui province， when they learn the second language， they are inevitably influenced by their native tongue， especially by a variety of dialects. Anhui is a large province with a considerable number of dialects， the utterance of the northern and the southern part may be different completely. Sometimes they cannot understand each other if they speak their dialect.

It is from the two levels， the articulatory level and the suprasegmental level analyzing the negative transfer of dialect in learning English in Anhui province.

1 the articulatory level：

According to the International Phonetic Alphabet， there are 20 vowels and 24 consonants， while in Chinese mandarin on the basis of pinyin. There are 21 initial consonants and 39 finals. They are similar in some way， but the difference is very evident. However， as a variety of the mandarin， the dialect of Anhui in the phonetics presents the geographical features：

At vowel， firstly， there are no long and short syllables in Chinese， all the vowels in Chinese is tense， while there are distinctions among long， short and tense and lax in English， students in Anhui sometimes can also not distinguished them clearly， such as when students pronounce the following four pairs of monophthongs /i∶/、/i/，/ o∶/、/o /， /u∶/、/u/， /e ∶/、/ e/，they may just distinguish them by the continuous time， pronounce seat/si：t/ to /sit/. it/i：t/ to /it/. secondly， the learner can not pronounce the double vowel /ai/，/au/，replace them in Chinese character 愛 and 奧，the double vowel is pronounced as the single vowel by mistake. thirdly， /a/ is pronounce as /an/，some parts in Anhui province， particularly in the municipality of 六安，the students are easily influenced by the nasal final/an/，when they pronounce the /a/，they always add the nasal stops /n/ into it， words like back and bank seems to be the same pronunciation.

At consonant， firstly， in many parts of Anhui province， the even lingual sounds， z， c， s， and the raise lingual sound， zh， ch ，sh are very difficult to discriminate， some parts， such as 宣城市，they have only the even lingual sounds， z， c， s， so cui and chui are both cui， ci and chi are both ci. There are also some parts， such as，銅陵，they have the two sounds， however， they are often used mistakenly. When I was a student in my college ，my roommates all came from different cities in Anhui， once a time， when we were shopping， we found a shop was discounting， then one of my roommates coming from 銅陵 said in Chinese qing chang da suai mai. At once， we burst out laughing， she had reverted the pronunciation between even lingual sounds and raise lingual sounds completely. Here I want to say， the wrong pronunciation in those cities affected by their dialect easily make them pronounce English phoneme like /s/ and /?/，/z/ and /t?/，for example， sea， sheep， zip， cheese and so on incorrectly. secondly， the /l/ and the /n/ are not taken distinctly.

2 the suprasegmental level：

Firstly， It is the stress . Chinese is a typical tone language. While English is not a tone language， it is typical in terms of stress which are not emphasized in Chinese especially for some characters with two syllables such as 買 and 賣. Most Chinese characters and sentences cannot be discerned by their stress. While the stress is basically one part of the structure in English phonology， they can be used to distinguish word classes and sentence meaning. However， students in Anhui province may have some problems in English stress mainly influenced by the Chinese pronunciation or some dialectal pronunciation. They are used to lengthening syllables to make a distinction between stressed syllables and unstressed syllables. And another phenomenon often occurs that there are too many stressed syllables in a sentence affected by the Chinese tones. Because each word in Chinese has tone， students are easily confused by the stress and tones. Secondly： It is the intonation； English is a intonation language which plays a important role in the conveyance of meaning. It may not sound like English taste， but heavily Chinglish taste. The key point is that the imprecise intonation makes difficulties to comprehend the meaning of the speech sounds.

Conclusion： As it can be seen from above， The negative transfer of dialect on English phonetics is a common problem in China， since there are a large number of the dialects in Anhui province ，we should pay more attention to it， as we Anhui people step out of Anhui， other people may take more pains to understand our oral English since there are a larger difference among different provinces. And we should know the accurate and beautiful pronunciation is an important part of learners’ linguistic competence， we should exhaust all our energies to optimize our English pronunciation and try to minimize the negative transfer influence made by our dialect so that we can make great progress in English learning.