許多考生認(rèn)為完形填空是考查詞匯和語法,可是,考生也會發(fā)現(xiàn),即使弄懂所有單詞和語法,也未必能把題目全部做對。事實(shí)上,解答完形填空的關(guān)鍵在于如何利用好上下文補(bǔ)充信息的空白,而不是著眼于詞匯和語法。
其實(shí),我們完全可以把完形填空看成高層次的閱讀理解??忌梢酝ㄟ^“自上而下”的閱讀模式理解文段結(jié)構(gòu)。“自上而下”閱讀模式是指讀者閱讀的時候是從語篇整體出發(fā),先理解文段的結(jié)構(gòu),對下文進(jìn)行猜測和驗證。在完形填空中,考生不用急著“填空”,而要先了解文章或文段的結(jié)構(gòu),在此基礎(chǔ)上再去填空,就可以輕而易舉地找出答案了。
下面,我們以2012年廣東高考的完形填空來談?wù)劯鶕?jù)文章結(jié)構(gòu)解答完形填空的技巧。
We all know that some things are obviously right. For example, it is right to be 1 to other people. It is also right to look after the environment. Some things are 2 wrong, too. For instance, we should not hurt or bully(欺負(fù)) others, nor should we litter. Rules often tell us what is right or wrong.
1 A. kind B. sensitive
C. fair D. generous
2 A. equally B. slightly
C. clearly D. increasingly
分析:這一段的結(jié)構(gòu)非常明顯,就是“論點(diǎn)——論據(jù)——反論點(diǎn)——論據(jù)”。對于這種正反論證的結(jié)構(gòu),考生可通過比較相似的句型得出答案。 some things are obviously right與Some things are 2 wrong, too是完全相同的結(jié)構(gòu),而所缺部分對應(yīng)首句的obviously,其同義詞為clearly,因此答案選C。第二個論點(diǎn)的論據(jù)是we should not hurt or bully(欺負(fù)) others,hurt or bully的反論據(jù)應(yīng)是be kind to others,因此第1題選A。
有時候,這種正反論證不是出現(xiàn)在一個段落中,而可能是兩個段落互為正反,這就需要考生有較強(qiáng)的通讀能力。如2012年廣東高考完形填空中的第二段和第三段:
If people follow rules without taking other matters into consideration, it will be 5 for them to form what is sometimes called a“black and white”view. ...
Sometimes it may not be so easy to know 8 what is right or wrong...
5. A. interesting B. vital
C. easy D. valuable
8. A. roughly B. eventually
C. deliberately D. exactly
分析:只要考生細(xì)心比較就會發(fā)現(xiàn)這兩段的段首都是以相似的句型引出自己的論點(diǎn)“It’s easy(for them)to form/know”,所以第5題的答案為C,而第8題所對應(yīng)的是what is sometimes called a“black and white”view. 其中a“black and white” view指的是非黑即白的絕對的價值觀,因此選擇帶有“完全,確切地”之意的exactly。
除此以外,考生還應(yīng)該注意句子之間的連詞,理解它們之間的邏輯關(guān)系,這樣有利于得出正確答案。如:
For example, they may believe that people should always tell the truth, and that lying is
6 acceptable.
6. A. seldom B. rarely
C. merely D. never
分析:通過并列連詞and可知道前后的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該互相呼應(yīng),tell the truth與lying剛好對立,因此考生應(yīng)選與always完全對立的never。
又如以下這個片段:
Some people choose not to eat meat because they believe that it is 9 to eat animals,
but others argue that they can eat meat and
10 (still) be kind to animals; some insist that stealing is always wrong, but others think that one does not need to feel so 11 when stealing some food to eat, if lives in a really poor area and he is 12 (starving).
9. A. awful B. cruel
C. unhealthy D. unnecessary
11. A. nervous B. anxious
C. afraid D. guilty
分析:這里兩個例子都用了but來正反論證,考生同樣可以著眼于相對應(yīng)的單詞選出正確答案,第9題選擇與下文kind相對立的cruel;而第11題中,因為下文帶有否定詞 “does not need to”,因此選擇與上文always wrong所相近的詞guilty。
當(dāng)然,有時候句子或文段中沒有明顯的過渡詞,但考生依然可以通過理解上下文來判斷句子間的邏輯關(guān)系,如:Car drivers have to obey traffic regulations that tell them the right things to do on the road to avoid crashes. Cyclists who give signals before turning or stopping help prevent 4 .
4. A. accidents B. mistakes
C. falls D. deaths
分析: 這兩個句子明顯就是并列的例子,通過car drivers和cyclist說明遵守交通規(guī)則的重要性, avoid與prevent相呼應(yīng),因此選擇包含crash(撞車)之意在內(nèi)的accident。
由上述例子可見,理解文章段落與句子的結(jié)構(gòu)對于解答完形填空起著一個舉足輕重的作用,因此考生在完成此題時不要把文章割裂地完成每一個空,而是把它看成整體的補(bǔ)全細(xì)節(jié),這樣就可以做到事半功倍了。
(作者單位:廣東實(shí)驗中學(xué))
責(zé)任編校 蔣小青