摘 要:文章主要通過對歷年高考英語試題中關于定語從句試題的分析,找出解析定語從句試題的規律。
關鍵詞:定語從句;題型;解析規律
中圖分類號:G632 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:1002-7661(2012)21-254-03
定語從句由于其復雜性與靈活性以及與其他名詞性從句的相似性和特殊性,使得定語從句習題的解析一直是高中英語的難點。也是高考每年必考題型。通過對近年全國各地的跟定語從句有關的高考題的分析,筆者發現了一些常考題型,在此基礎上分析出解析定語從句習題的一般規律。下面就高考中定語從句的常考題型及如何解析作一個簡單的歸納,希望能對提高定語從句習題的解答能力有所幫助
一、考查對復雜句子的理解能力
定語從句一般緊跟在先行詞后。但是在分割式定語從句中,出題者選用先行詞與定語從句隔離的句子,利用包含定語從句的句子的復雜性,來考查學生對全句的理解和分析能力。此種情況下,要根據整個句子所表達的意思,尤其是要根據定語從句中的動詞來確定先行詞,從而選定合適的關系詞。如:(2011上海-39)You'll find taxis waiting at the bus station which you can hire to reach your host family.(由定語從句所表達的意思,特別是動詞可確定先行詞為taxis而不是the bus station,謂語動詞hire缺少賓語,先行詞taxis和“物”有關,選用which/that引導定語從句。)
(2011福建-24) She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students which allows them to communicate freely with each other.
(由全句表達的意思,可確定先行詞為 atmosphere而不是 students,且定語從句缺少主語,故采用關系代詞which/that引導。)
二、考察應用關系代詞、關系副詞的能力
如何確定引導詞用關系代詞還是關系副詞,主要看先行詞后的句子結構
一般的資料上都說首先要弄清代替先行詞的關系詞在從句中作什么成分,作狀語的應選用關系副詞,作主語、賓語或表語的可選用關系代詞。但是筆者在平時的教學中發現,很多學生對句子成分并不是很清楚,為此,筆者作了以下的歸納,發現在做題時效果很好。
1、先行詞后,以動詞的某種形式開頭,引導詞通常為關系代詞且用主格或賓格形式
(2010全國2-16)I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone else's fault. (以動詞的某種形式開頭,缺少主語,且先行詞為不定代詞something,采用關系代詞that.)
(2011山東- 32) The old town has narrow streets and small houses that are built close to each other. (以動詞的某種形式開頭,缺少主語,采用關系代詞that或which引導。)
The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of whom left their village homes for a better life in the city. (2010年浙江卷)
(以動詞的某種形式開頭,引導詞通常為關系代詞,定語從句缺少主語,由于先行詞是people,表示人,引導詞在of 后,故用賓格whom,)
2、定語從句是名詞或代詞(主語)+及物動詞結構,引導詞通常為關系代詞且用賓格形式(口語中可用主格代替賓格)如:
(2010湖南-28) I've become good friends with several of the students in my school who I met in the English speech contest last year. (主語+及物動詞結構,定語從句缺少賓語,且先行詞為表示“人”的名詞students,采用關系代詞who或whom.)
請參看以下句子,以加深對這種解題方法的理解
(1)A plane is a machine that can fly. (主格形式)
(2)The boy who broke the window is called Tom. (主格形式)
(3)I am reading Harry Porter, which is an interesting book. (主格形式)
(4)The man who/whom you spoke to was a scientist. (主/賓格形式)
(5)I don’t like the way that you speak.(及物動詞)
3、如果定語從句是名詞或代詞(主語)+不及物動詞結構、主系表結構、主謂賓或主謂賓賓結構,引導詞通常為關系副詞,如:
(2010福建-24) Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet where life has developed gradually. (主語+不及物動詞結構,先行詞含義和“地點”有關,采用關系副詞where引導定語從句, 相當于on which.
(2011天津-10) The days are gone when physical strength was all you needed to make a living. (主系表結構,先行詞the days與“時間”有關,采用關系副詞when引導。)
(2009江蘇-23) Because of the financial crisis, days are gone when local 5?star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night. (主謂賓結構,先行詞days含義與“時間”有關 ,采用關系副詞when。)
(2011浙江-10)A bank is the place where they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain. (主謂賓賓結構,選用關系副詞where引導。)
更多的例句:
I still remember the day when I came here. (代詞+不及物動詞)
I still remember the day that/which we spent together. (代詞+及物動詞)
This is the house where I lived last year.(代詞+不及物動詞)
There are many reasons why people like traveling. (主謂賓)
采用這種方法不但可以較好的解決先行詞是表示時間,地點和原因等而不太好確定到底是用關系代詞還是關系副詞的困擾,還可以解決分割式定語從句的關系詞的選擇問題。除此之外,對于前幾年經常考查的先行詞為表示“模糊化的地點”的單詞,如condition、stage、case, conditions、situation、business、point、 job等之后的引導詞的選擇也行之有效。
請用以上規律來解析下面的高考題,你會發現很容易。
(2010江西-31) The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister where she would stay for an hour. (主語+不及物動詞結構,先行詞the training centre 含義和“地點”有關,需要選用關系副詞where引導.)
(2010天津-8) —Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut?
—You should try the barber's where I go. It's only 15. (主語+不及物動詞結構,先行詞the barber's含義與“地點”有關,選用關系副詞where.)
(2009上海-34) Mozart's birthplace and the house where he composed “The Magic Flute” are both museums now. (主謂賓結構,需要關系副詞引導,先行詞含義和“地點”有關,選用where。)
It's helpful to put children in a situation _______ they can see themselves differently. (2009年福建卷)
A. that B. when C. which D. where
(主謂賓結構,選關系副詞作引導詞。由先行詞a situation可知,應選where 引導定語從句。故正確答案為D。)
Today, we'll discuss a number of cases _______ beginners of English fail to use the language properly. (2007年陜西卷)
A. which B. as C. why D. where
(主謂賓結構,選關系副詞作引導詞。考慮到先行詞cases,選用關系詞where,相當于in which ( = in the cases)。故正確答案為D。)
(2009重慶-34) Life is like a long race where we compete with others to go beyond ourselves. (主謂賓結構,需要關系副詞引導,先行詞含義和“地點”有關,選用where。)
4、考查whose引導的定語從句的用法. 在這種題型中,其先行詞后通常以名詞開頭,并與先行詞構成所屬關系。無論先行詞是指人還是物,通常用whose引導定語從句. (注意它的變化形式:名詞/數詞/代詞+of+which或 of+which+the+名詞/數詞/代詞)
(2010山東-24)That's the new machine whose parts are too small to be seen. (名詞開頭,并與先行詞構成所屬關系,所以用whose)
(2010北京-27) Children who are not active or whose diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly. (名詞開頭,先行詞children 與名詞diet之間存在所屬關系,采用關系代詞whose引導定語從句。)
(2010重慶-28) In China, the number of cities is increasing whose development is recognized across the world. (名詞開頭,development與先行詞cities之間是所屬關系,采用whose引導定語從句。)
(2010陜西-11)The old temple whose roof was damaged in storm is now under repair. (定語從句的先行詞the old temple 與名詞roof之間存在“所屬關系”,采用關系代詞whose引導定語從句。)
三、考查介詞+關系代詞(which /whom)”引導的定語從句
當先行詞在定語從句中作介詞的賓語時,往往可以把介詞放在關系代詞之前,構成“介詞+關系代詞(which / whom)”的結構。如何確定介詞呢?,一是依據定語從句中動詞所需要的某種習慣搭配,二是依據先行詞的某種習慣搭配,三是根據所要表達的意思。例如:
Gun control is a subject _______ Americans have argued for a long time. (2009年陜西卷)
A. of which B. with which
C. about which D. into which
(從句謂語動詞argued與介詞about搭配,表達“爭論某事”之意,故正確答案為C。)
By nine o'clock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, _______ appeared a rare rainbow soon. (2008年福建卷)
A. of which B. on which
C. from which D. above which
(先行詞是the top,根據句意,空格處顯然應該填上above,表示“在山頂上”。所以用above which連接主從句,正確答案為D。)
四、考查as和which的用法
這類題要根據as、which引導的從句在主句中的位置,是之前、之后還是中間來確定,也可以從它與動詞的搭配來確定。如as常與表示主語的習慣性或司空見慣之意的動詞連用,像be announced / expected / known / reported / said / imagined / shown等被動形式或usually happen、be often the case等主動形式,
五、定語從句的引導詞的特殊用性
對于這類題型,平時要背誦一些特例,以便在做題時靈活運用。
如只能采用that,不用which引導限制性定語從句的情況及只能采用who,不用that引導限制性定語從句的情況。
(說明:2010重慶-28中的28為2010重慶高考英語卷的第28題)