春秋戰(zhàn)國時代文人旅游活動及其影響

摘 要：文人是中國古代社會旅游活動的主體。 春秋戰(zhàn)國時期，舊制度、舊統(tǒng)治秩序被破壞，新制度、新統(tǒng)治秩序在確立，新的階級力量在壯大。隱藏在這一過程中并構(gòu)成這一社會變革的根源則是以鐵器為特征的生產(chǎn)力的革命。生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展最終導(dǎo)致各國的變革運(yùn)動和封建制度的確立，也導(dǎo)致思想文化的繁榮，這時文人旅游開始興盛。本文先從三個方面分析了春秋戰(zhàn)國旅游興起的原因，然后剖析了文人旅游對旅游者和社會旅游發(fā)展諸方面的深遠(yuǎn)影響。

關(guān)鍵詞：春秋戰(zhàn)國；文人旅游；影響

[中圖分類號]：F592.9 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼]：A

[文章編號]：1002-2139(2012)-15-0277-01

Keen on tourism is the Chinese literati’s tradition. Numerous bookmen and bachelors traveled for a variety of reasons， lingering in the natural landscape， and inditing and singing before places of interest， whose tourism activities had constituted the colorful part of Chinese traditional social life， and they were the principal part of the tourism activities in Chinese ancient society. The Literati’s Tourism Activities and its Influence can reflect the economic life of our traditional society， enrich the study of social history and economic history， and promote the study of tourism culture; and it also was an example for contemporary tourism development.

Culture is a reflection of a period of politics and economy. In that time， economic development promoted the progress of science and technology; social revolution contributed to the unprecedented prosperity of art and literature. In the Spring and Autumn period and warring States period， the old system and the old rule order were destroyed， and new systems and new rule order were established， and the power of new class was increasing. Hidden in this process and constituting the roots of social transformation are productivity revolution， which was characterized by iron. Productivity developments eventually led to the reform movement and the establishment of County system， also led to ideological and cultural prosperity.

In the turn of the Spring and Autumn period and warring States period， a storm of social change took place in this divine land. In this devastating， overwhelming the evolution， the old slave-owner class had decline， and new landlord class had risen; old system and moral and ethic concept were replaced by new system and ideology; a small portion of farmers obtained much more freedom， and social production relationship also had the profound changes; with class conflict being sharp and fierce， merger war occurring year after year， the entire society presented a complex situation， extremely unrest and restructuring.

Essentially， tourism is an activity in which people are supposed to improve human knowledge and culture in learning， research and artistic activities， etc.. Ancient scholars tended to regard tourism as an opportunity to receive education， gain their knowledge and broaden their horizon， a way to raise self-cultivation and edify sentiment. The effect is true， as the magnificent landscape not only gave people a great visual image， but it also gave people the force. People were immersive， and experienced the grandeur of nature， and being infected by a noble realm， their souls were shocked， spirit sublimated， and heart opened up significantly. More importantly， when scholars and students came out from the study and hit the road， they necessarily faced a large， colorful and inclusive society， learned knowledge that could not be learned from books， enriched their own life experience while getting in touch with nature. It， in turn， had a profound impact on their learning: on one hand， beautiful natural mountains and rivers and human scenery with rich connotation would usually trigger scholars’ infinite mind， stimulate their inspiration， and make them create large amounts of travel poems， songs， essays and literary works， such as couplets， inscriptions， carved stone. Therefore， scholars’ tourism had a great impact on the development of literature， and could not be left unrecognized. They produced voluminous works of travel literature， enriched and expanded the content and categories of literature， which in turn created a large number of tourist literature writers， and this was the practical embodiment of China tourism culture tradition; on the other hand， long-term tourism life cultivated their scientific spirit to be realistic and pragmatic， promoted the development of academic research， which was particularly evident in natural science research.

Compared to individual tourists， scholars’ tourism had a much profound and wide influence on society， reflecting evidently in areas such as economy， culture and social life. Scholar tourism was under the history background of prosperous commodity economy， free emancipation and well-conditioned traffic; scholars’ tourism would in turn act on these aspects， such as fostering the winds of luxury entertainment， promoting the development of culture and education， and so on.

The impact of Scholars’ tourism on themselves is multifaceted， like broadening social interactions， cultivating nature， increasing their knowledge and experience， which were very helpful to learning. Chinese scholars’ traveling， on a certain form， had changed the traditional way of social interaction， thus widened social interaction， and some of them even obtained the useful social network. Of course， in the case of scholars’ social tradition， they still made friends with those whose identity were similar to then in travel. However， because of different encounters and experiences， sometimes they inevitably had to deal with the people with the other identities， and even became friends， which provided an opportunity for them to understand the society， and to improve their communication ability.

Many scenic spots， initially， were unknown. Then they became so well known on the world， and their names were handed down to future generations， imply because of literati’ poems. An old saying goes: “The rivers need scholars holding”， which is the point. In China， which has a strong tradition of valuing people and literature， literati’， especially the celebrities’ tourism activities and works of poetry and prose exerted a profound influence on the spread of the fame of the tourism landscapes.