淺談大學英語作文段落的發展

[摘 要]一篇好的英語作文， 必須有完整的主題思想，足夠的細節支持，有意義的結尾。英語作文段落就是由這些元素組成的。如何安排這些元素發展段落， 這是寫好一篇作文的關鍵。

[關鍵詞]段落 主題句 主體句 結尾句

[中圖分類號] G642 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 2095-3437（2013）012-0117-02

一個段落是一篇作文重要的一個單元，所以要很好地發展段落，讓讀者清晰地懂得作者所描述的想法和主題。那么通過什么方法來發展段落呢？下面我們就來談談如何發展段落。

一、段落的長度

一個標準的段落應該超過兩句。如果一個段落少于三句，那么段落的主題觀點就不能很清晰地闡明。另一方面，段落要避免過長。太長的段落對讀者來說是一種負擔，讀者會產生一種疲倦甚至厭煩的情緒。

二、段落的基本元素

一個段落包含主題句，主體句和結尾句。主題句陳述一個段落的中心思想；主體句是用例子或解釋說明來支撐主題句，主體句的所有信息都和主題句的中心思想密切相關；結尾句是對舉例或解釋說明的主體句的歸納和總結。

三、段落的發展

（一）通過時間順序來發展段落

例1.My heart gave a leap when I heard alarm clock. I struggled to rise. I took a quick， hot shower to wake myself up finally and then threw on a loose sweatshirt so that I felt comfortable. Next， I grabbed my books and walked quickly， then ran like the wind for the class building. When I arrived at class， I sat up straight in my seat， took a deep breath and decided to pay attention to the all-too-early class.

本段落描述了一個學生早晨起床的過程和心情，它是完全按時間順序來寫的，學生早起的不情愿和之后的緊張心情躍然紙上，非常生動：鬧鐘響起心驚肉跳；起床拼命掙扎；沖淋浴徹底清醒；穿上運動衫感覺舒服；抓起課本快步如飛；到達教學樓像風一樣；在座位上坐直深呼吸；決定好好聽課。

（二）通過空間順序來發展段落

例2.My bedroom is cozy. It is a small room with thick carpeting and light blue walls. Below the north window is my double bed covered with an imitation leopard skin bedspread. At the foot of the bed is a wooden stand holding my portable TV and stereo. Behind the wooden stand are three red beanbag chairs that are sagging from years of use. My room is small and cluttered and has that “lived-in” feeling I like.

在這個段落中，作者以主體句開頭，“我的房間很舒服”，然后從空間來描述房間：從地面，到周圍的墻，窗子，中間的床，床腳的木柜，木柜后的椅子。寥寥的主體句用了這樣的詞匯：雙人床，豹紋的床單，木質的小柜，三個紅顏色布袋玩具型的椅子，讓讀者感到溫馨舒適，起到了解釋說明的作用。

（三）通過例子來發展段落

例3.As a young boy， Einstein did so poorly in school that teachers thought he was slow. The young Napoleon was just one of hundreds of artillery lieutenants in the French Army， and the teenage Washington， with little formal education， was being trained not as a soldier but as a land surveyor. Despite their unspectacular beginnings， each would go on to carve a place for himself in history.

這個段落以三位偉人為例：老師認為愛因斯坦很笨；拿破侖是法軍部隊成百的炮手之一；華盛頓是土地測量員， 他們的起步都很平庸，但這并沒影響他們在歷史上刻下了自己的名字。通過例子來發展段落，主題思想會更有說服力。

（四）通過比較對照來發展段落

例4.Nick and Joe are brothers but they differ considerably in appearance and lifestyle. Nick has long hair and a beard. He usually dresses casually in blue jeans and a Y-shirt. He often goes dancing and play basketball. Joe has short hair. His clothes are more conservative than Nick’s are. He wears a suit and a tie to work. In his spare time， he goes to movies and also plays soccer. Many people cannot believe that Nick and Joe are brothers because they seem so different.

這個段落的主題是兄弟兩個不同。主體句把兄弟倆從發型、穿衣、運動方面進行了比較，一個保守一個隨意，結論是兄弟兩個外貌和生活方式不同。

（五）通過分類來發展段落

例5.At present，you will find bookworms have disappeared， instead， they take part in sports. In the campus， they fall into three groups. Many students go to playground when tired after a few hours of study. The second want beauty shape from sports. Students that make up the third group are real sports lovers. Although having different intentions， they all benefit from sports. There are healthy， strong， clever， modernized students everywhere.

這個段落的主題是：“大學生不再是書蟲，他們積極參加運動。”作者很聰明地用分類法來說明這個主題。他把運動的學生分成了三類：一種人學習累了想放松放松；第二種人想通過運動塑造優美的形體；第三種人是運動的真正愛好者。但不管屬于哪種類型，他們最終都會健康、強壯、聰明和現代化。

（六）通過因果關系來發展段落

Every year more students seeking admission to Blake college， and there are several reasons for its popularity. First， the campus is beautiful； in addition， it has excellent facilities， such a new gymnasium， computer labs and a large library. On weekends， there are plenty of extracurricular activities to choose from， such as films， lectures， dances， and concerts. But the major reason is the outstanding faculty. The professors’ classes are always interesting and informative.

在這個段落中作者想解釋布萊克大學為什么深受歡迎。他列出了幾個原因，并給出了一些細節來支撐這個原因，通過因果關系來發展段落，使主題句更加清晰明了。

要寫好一篇文章，應注意段落的長度，注意段落元素的分配，用以上的一種或幾種方法結合起來發展段落，寫出一篇詳實、有理有據的好作文。

[ 參 考 文 獻 ]

[1] 丁往道，吳冰，鐘美蓀，郭棲慶.英語寫作手冊[M].北京：外語教學研究出版社. 1999.

[2] 蔡基剛.大學英語中級寫作教程.復旦大學出版社[M].上海：2003.

[3] 張真.大學英語教學中中國文化的滲透[J].大學教育，2012，（11）：62-63.

[4] 劉樊德.大學英語教學中思辨性思維能力的培養[J].大學教育，2012，（7）：87-89.

[5] 徐振海.新課標英語教學中現代媒體應用[J].教育教學論壇，2013，（17）.

[責任編輯：碧 瑤]