浐灞國家濕地公園，西安，陜西，中國

景觀設(shè)計(jì)：西安建筑科技大學(xué)/西安建筑科技大學(xué)城市規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)研究院

Landscape Design: Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology/Institute of Urban Planning and Design of Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology

浐灞國家濕地公園，西安，陜西，中國

Chan-ba National Wetland Park, Xi’an, Shanxi, China, 2013

景觀設(shè)計(jì)：西安建筑科技大學(xué)/西安建筑科技大學(xué)城市規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)研究院

Landscape Design: Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology/Institute of Urban Planning and Design of Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology

1 公園南入口人工濕地景觀/The artificial wetland of the south entrance area

2 夕陽下的觀鳥塔/The Bird watching tower under the sunset

圈層與流動(dòng)

西安浐灞國家濕地公園位于西安城市東北之隅，灞河入渭河口，用地西南邊界將緊臨城市建設(shè)區(qū)。按自然條件和人為干預(yù)程度，由兩河河床向城市建設(shè)方向，設(shè)置4個(gè)“圈層遞進(jìn)”層級(jí)，由此構(gòu)成8個(gè)濕地類型、20個(gè)景觀區(qū)和11個(gè)功能區(qū)。河口水流交匯地段具有明顯的方向感，加之季節(jié)性降雨、地勢(shì)平坦的特點(diǎn)，以“流動(dòng)匯集”的理念，構(gòu)成水系、植物群落、道路、人工地形等系統(tǒng)的空間形態(tài)布局，表現(xiàn)了西北半干旱、半濕潤地區(qū)河口型濕地景觀的保育、恢復(fù)與營造。

水系和植物

根據(jù)水源規(guī)劃3大水系，灞河取水主要用于恢復(fù)區(qū)；未來污水處理廠的中水用于中心人工濕地區(qū)，建設(shè)場地雨水作為補(bǔ)充；渭河取水用于遠(yuǎn)期北側(cè)林溪荒地自然恢復(fù)區(qū)?？傆盟堪慈曜钌?次換水計(jì)算，并設(shè)置枯水期和暴雨期的水系調(diào)控，確保節(jié)約用水。植物群落包含了灘地野生、旱地節(jié)水、田園作物以及城市綠化等群系。結(jié)合不同濕地類型規(guī)劃了9類陸生及濕生種植生境群落，3類水生種植生境群落。

地域自然條件，決定了多樣的“旱濕地”生境營造途徑。建成半年來，時(shí)至枯水期，水位下降，灘涂裸露，保育恢復(fù)區(qū)水系完整，人工可調(diào)控水系功能初顯。此時(shí)植物群落處于生長初期及冬季“荒蕪”期，呈現(xiàn)了這片土地的自然本性。1)

傳統(tǒng)意義的景觀設(shè)計(jì)，表現(xiàn)了人們的審美追求在空間外在秩序的表達(dá)，是一種征服；自然表現(xiàn)在物種群落依托物質(zhì)生存環(huán)境條件下的自生演替、棲息漂移的規(guī)律，是一種自由。我們致力于尋找表達(dá)自然內(nèi)在秩序的景觀營造途徑。（劉暉，徐鼎黃）

注釋：

1) 西北地區(qū)人工生境營造研究受國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目資助，51278410

The Circle structure and flowing pattern

Chan-ba National Park is located in the northeast corner of Xi'an where the Ba River joins the Wei River. Bordered by urban construction on the south and west sides, the Park has been organized into four "progressive circles"-marking a journey from the nature to the city, eight wetlands areas, 20 scenic areas and 11 functional zones. In response to the area's rainy season, the flat site and its directional bias, the theme of "Flowing and Gathering" was chosen to organize the water systems, plants communities, circulation, topography and "dried" wetland habitats.

Water and planting system

The water system as a whole uses water from three different sources. Water from the Ba River supports the Recovery area; gray-water from the wastewater treatment plant supplies the center and its constructed wetland; water from the Wei River supplies the moorland streams at the north of the site. The water control system was designed for both dry and flood season criteria. At a minimum it is refreshed eight times annually. The planted areas include native, dry land, farm and urban species. There are nine habitat for terrestrial hygrophilous vegetation and three for aquatic vegetation in the park.

The park is weathering its first winter. In this dry season the level of wetland water has decreased in this dry season and the controlled water system is active for the first time.1)

The representation of the nature

王祥見老道所言非虛，一時(shí)間有些害怕，急忙問道：“要是真的如道長所言，該如何消弭此劫呢？”他也是看了不少古裝劇，臨時(shí)拼湊起的臺(tái)詞和老道士倒是很搭調(diào)。

The traditional landscape design, like that of historical gardens, always composed space according to man's aesthetic demands-as a kind of conquest. But nature is about inhabitation, the drift and evolution of species and communities in relation to habitat. It is kind of free. Today we are looking for ways to represent these natural internal orders in landscape design.

Notes：

1) The research on the Habitat-site Modeling of the Chan-ba Wetland Park is supported by the NSFC, 51278410

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

客戶/Client：西安浐灞生態(tài)區(qū)管委會(huì)

項(xiàng)目主持/Principal in Charge：劉暉（項(xiàng)目前期：控規(guī)調(diào)整、修規(guī)、核心保護(hù)區(qū)景觀設(shè)計(jì)項(xiàng)目負(fù)責(zé)人），董蘆笛（項(xiàng)目后期：公園精致區(qū)、野趣區(qū)景觀設(shè)計(jì)方案及施工圖設(shè)計(jì)項(xiàng)目負(fù)責(zé)人）

設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)/Design Team：董蘆笛，徐鼎黃，楊建輝，陳磊，呂琳，李莉華（項(xiàng)目前期：西安建筑科技大學(xué)城市規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)研究院與西安建筑科技大學(xué)建筑學(xué)院）；劉暉，許舸強(qiáng)，徐鼎黃，高鵬飛，王曉利，陳磊，鄭邦毅（項(xiàng)目后期：西安建筑科技大學(xué)建筑學(xué)院與沃易森建筑景觀設(shè)計(jì)有限公司）

用地面積/Total Area：798.2hm2

建成區(qū)面積/Built Area：317.7 hm2（包括一期灞河河灘濕地自然保育區(qū)、灞河左岸堤內(nèi)核心恢復(fù)區(qū)，以及二期精致區(qū)和野趣區(qū)）

項(xiàng)目過程/Project Phase：國家林業(yè)局審批立項(xiàng)，2008；總體規(guī)劃等各類規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)成果編制，2008-2011

圖紙制作/Drawing：徐鼎黃

攝影/Photos: 桑磊(Fig 1,3,6,9-12)，徐鼎黃(Fig 2)，李莉華(Fig 8)

3 核心恢復(fù)區(qū)冬季濕地景觀/The wetland of the recovery area in the winter

評(píng)論

鮑威：當(dāng)人們置身于大尺度景觀規(guī)劃當(dāng)中，可感知尺度與總圖尺度相距甚遠(yuǎn)，這對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)而言一般是很難把握的。此案在對(duì)大尺度自然景觀生態(tài)科學(xué)治理的前提下，適當(dāng)?shù)匾肴斯ぞ坝^，比較成功地將兩個(gè)不同尺度與性質(zhì)的設(shè)計(jì)有機(jī)結(jié)合在一起。景觀建筑元素尤以觀鳥塔曖昧的形式為亮點(diǎn)，人們?cè)谧匀坏某叨认抡业搅丝梢月?lián)系自身的物體。

闕鎮(zhèn)清：8大類濕地疊加11大功能區(qū)，以水過程聯(lián)系并與兩河及城市開發(fā)區(qū)整合，根據(jù)河口匯流形態(tài)規(guī)律形成自然演替的骨架。自然表達(dá)的設(shè)計(jì)旨?xì)w，強(qiáng)調(diào)自然生境的保育、恢復(fù)和人工營建，遵循最小干擾的宗旨。設(shè)計(jì)師依托生態(tài)學(xué)知識(shí)，做好濕地的醫(yī)生或護(hù)理員，剩下的一切交給自然和時(shí)間。在城市化快速殺伐自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的今天，我們尤其需要更多的自然解放者，而非征服者！

Comments

BAO Wei:When presented with large scale landscape planning, it's always hard to synchronize the scale of human experience with the scale of the master plan.This project successfully integrates these two scales by introducing adequate artificial landscape features on the premise that large scale natural landscape ecology would be well managed. The formal ambiguity of the bird watching tower is the highlight of the project. It helps people find something to relate to in the megascale landscape.

QUE Zhenqing:In this park, eleven major functional areas overlap with eight categories of wetlands connected via water system. According to the principle of minimal interference on nature, the designers focused their efforts on the conservation, restoration and artificial re-construction of natural habitats only. Acknowledged with theories of modern ecology, designers act as good doctors or guardians of the wetlands. Except the eco-restoration design, they just leave the wetlands to live its life through into a landscape. Today, as rapid urbanization is threatening natural ecosystems throughout the nation, we do need many more liberators of nature than conquerors of nature!

4 西安浐灞國家濕地公園規(guī)劃總平面/The master plan of the wetland park5 植物種植群落分布圖/Distribution of the plants communities6 河灘保育區(qū)濕地植物景觀/The plants of the conservation area7 濕地類型分布圖/Distribution of the wetlands8 各種野生及人工植物群落/The different wild and artificial plants communities

10 保育區(qū)灞河灘涂冬季景觀/The conservation area of the Ba River bed

11 觀鳥塔和過冬的候鳥。核心恢復(fù)區(qū)水位下降，灘涂裸露/The Bird watching tower and the wide birds. It shows the decreased water lever.

12 觀鳥塔上向西鳥瞰已建成的核心恢復(fù)保育區(qū)/The bird view of the core recovery area form the Birding tower

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