摘 要 未來時(shí)間洞察力是個(gè)體對(duì)未來時(shí)間的認(rèn)知、體驗(yàn)和行動(dòng)(或行動(dòng)傾向)的人格特質(zhì)。它反映了人們對(duì)待未來時(shí)間的認(rèn)識(shí)和態(tài)度,并最終推動(dòng)個(gè)體行為指向未來的短期或長(zhǎng)期目標(biāo)。本文對(duì)時(shí)間洞察力的相關(guān)概念及其與健康行為的關(guān)系進(jìn)行了概述。
關(guān)鍵詞 時(shí)間洞察力 未來時(shí)間洞察力 健康行為
中圖分類號(hào):R179 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
Future Time Perspective and Health Behaviors
TAO Anqi
(School of Psychology, Chongqing 400715)
Abstract Future time perspective is the personality trait regarding personal cognition, experience and actions towards future time. It indicates individual cognition and attitude towards future time, and ultimately promoting one's behavior to short-term or long-term goals. We outlined relevant concepts of future time perspective and its relationship with health behaviors.
Key words time perspective; future time perspective; health behaviors
1 未來時(shí)間洞察力的概念
未來時(shí)間洞察力涉及很多概念,如未來結(jié)果考慮、延遲滿足,其強(qiáng)調(diào)當(dāng)前行為可能造成的未來短期和長(zhǎng)期后果。未來時(shí)間洞察力由時(shí)間洞察力的三個(gè)維度(過去時(shí)間洞察力、現(xiàn)在時(shí)間洞察力、未來時(shí)間洞察力)中劃分得來,和其他維度一樣具有個(gè)體差異。所謂時(shí)間洞察力(time perspective),是指?jìng)€(gè)體在對(duì)時(shí)間的認(rèn)知、體驗(yàn)和行動(dòng)(或行動(dòng)傾向)上所表現(xiàn)出來的較為穩(wěn)定的心理和行為特征,它是人的時(shí)間認(rèn)知中重要的人格特質(zhì)。①因此,未來時(shí)間洞察力就是個(gè)體指向未來的總的心理表征,匱乏感知未來時(shí)間的能力,會(huì)影響到個(gè)體對(duì)長(zhǎng)期目標(biāo)的奮斗。
津巴多等人對(duì)時(shí)間洞察力這一問題進(jìn)行了研究,他們根據(jù)研究結(jié)果編制了時(shí)間洞察力問卷 (Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory)。②津巴多時(shí)間洞察力量表是廣泛被使用的測(cè)量問卷,它將個(gè)體對(duì)過去、現(xiàn)在和未來的體驗(yàn)劃分得很詳細(xì),包括消極過去、享樂現(xiàn)在、未來、積極過去、宿命現(xiàn)在等五個(gè)維度。其中未來時(shí)間洞察力子量表可測(cè)量個(gè)體對(duì)未來事件的認(rèn)知和情感強(qiáng)度。
2 未來時(shí)間洞察力與健康行為
前人已有很多研究致力于探索未來時(shí)間洞察力和健康行為之間的關(guān)系,如,藥物濫用行為的減少,③安全性行為的增加,④應(yīng)對(duì)HIV措施的增強(qiáng)⑤等。近來又有研究表明,高未來時(shí)間洞察力個(gè)體在跨期選擇中能更好地進(jìn)行理性思考和自我控制,選擇長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)使自己獲得更大利益的選項(xiàng),傾向于更健康的行為方式。⑥除了針對(duì)成癮、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)行為的研究外,較為常見的健康行為研究還有飲食行為和鍛煉行為。關(guān)于未來時(shí)間洞察力和飲食之間的關(guān)系,Piko和Brassai的結(jié)果表明,青少年的飲食控制力差和缺乏未來時(shí)間洞察力相關(guān)。⑦Luszczynska等人的來自四個(gè)不同國(guó)家的樣本研究表明,未來時(shí)間洞察力與個(gè)體的飲食營(yíng)養(yǎng)顯著相關(guān)。⑧在鍛煉身體方面,Kahana等報(bào)告中老年人的未來時(shí)間洞察力和鍛煉身體水平之間長(zhǎng)期呈正相關(guān)。⑨還有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)提高了個(gè)體對(duì)鍛煉身體的預(yù)期思考能力后,時(shí)間洞察力組比目標(biāo)設(shè)定組和控制組被試更多地提高了鍛煉身體的水平。⑩由此研究者認(rèn)為,未來時(shí)間洞察力是對(duì)個(gè)體未來人生健康行為的預(yù)警。
總之,健康行為要求我們具有高水平的未來朝向動(dòng)機(jī)和自我控制能力,還要求我們?cè)诙唐谀繕?biāo)、長(zhǎng)期目標(biāo)、終身目標(biāo)和成本收益之間進(jìn)行平衡。未來時(shí)間洞察力作為個(gè)體的計(jì)劃和意圖的調(diào)節(jié)變量,在健康行為改善領(lǐng)域非常有研究前途。
注釋
① 黃希庭.論時(shí)間洞察力.心理科學(xué),2004.27:5-7.
② Zimbardo, P.G., Boyd, J.N. Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1999.77:1271-1288.
③ Adams, J. The role of time perspective in smoking cessation amongst older English adults. Health Psychology, 2009, 28:529-534.
④ Rothspan, S., Read, S.J. Present versus future time perspective and HIV risk among heterosexual college students. Health Psychology, 1996.15:131-134.
⑤ Mann, T. Effects of future writing and optimism on health behaviors in HIV infected women. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 2001.23:26-33.
⑥ Adams, J. Time perspective, personality and smoking, body mass, and physical activity: An empirical study. British journal of health psychology, 2009.14:83-105.
⑦ Piko, B.F., Brassai, L. The role of individual and familial protective factors in adolescents' diet control. Journal of Health Psychology, 2009.14:810-819.
⑧ Luszczynska, A., Gibbons, et al. Self-regulatory cognitions, social comparison, and perceived peers’ behaviors as predictors of nutrition and physical activity: A comparison among adolescents in Hungary, Poland, Turkey, and USA. Psychology Health, 2004.19:577-593.
⑨ Kahana, E. Motivational antecedents of preventive proactivity in late life: Linking future orientation and exercise. Motivation and Emotion,2005.29:438-459.
⑩ Reuter, et al. Planning bridges the intention-behaviour gap: Age makes a difference and strategy use explains why. Psychology Health,2010.25:873-887.