標準 道法自然
——古琴形制之美

文/五花肉

標準 道法自然
——古琴形制之美

standards,rules of nature——aesthetics of Chinese Zither

文/五花肉

2013年，本刊推出“畫中有話”專欄，以連載形式擷取典籍英華、記錄歷史瞬間，中華文明發展進程中飽含標準化思想的12個故事躍然紙上。

2014年，在沉淀一年的思考和探索之后，本刊將繼續深耕“畫中有話”專欄，講述蘊藏在中國傳統“文人四藝”（琴棋書畫）與“文房四寶”（筆墨紙硯）中的質量文化內涵，品味歷代先賢樸素的標準化思想和孜孜不倦的實踐追求！

讓我們共同期待！

——編者

斫琴Chinese zither manufacturing標準standards師法自然learning from nature人文屬性humanity property

——《考工記》

Nature methods,high quality material and sophisticated technology achieve a perfect zither.

——《新論·琴道十六》桓譚

We shall learn from the nature;take paulownia as material and make silk as strings to manufacture a zither to understand aesthetics of the nature.

——《格古要論》曹昭（明）

The Song Dynasty established official zither manufacturing bureau and stipulated the shape and size of zithers,which were called"Official Zither".

《尚書》曰“舜彈五弦之琴，歌南風之詩，而天下治”，作為琴棋書畫“四藝”之首，古琴技藝是中國古代“士”在情、性、志等方面的最高體現，歷史上曾被賦予崇高地位，而歷代文人在斫木求音的實踐中，也通過明確形制、材質等標準，為古琴注入了深厚的文化內涵。

"Shangshu"said"Emperor Shun played the zither and wrote poetry about south wind to make the nation well ordered".Among four arts(lyre-playing,chess, calligraphy and painting),lyre-playing was the key element of a literati's artistic accomplishment and occupied a high position historically.In ancient China, standards about the structure and materials of Chinese zither were developed,which enhanced cultural connotation of Chinese zither.

形制上，古人師法自然，遵循陰陽五行哲學及天人合一宇宙觀，就古琴的長度、厚度、寬度和形態等外觀要素形成了統一標準——琴制長三尺六寸五分，象征周天三百六十五度；廣六分，象征六律；面圓法天，底平象地；前狹后廣，象征著尊卑有序等……對于琴體結構的命名，古人則仿照人體部位，稱琴頭、琴額、琴頸、琴項、琴肩、琴腰、舌穴、弦眼等。

In the aspect of structure,in accordance with the nature and rules of yin-yang and five elements,length; width and shape of Chinese zither were stipulated. Length of three feet six inches five points stands for 365 days of a year and width of six points long for serialism.The shape of a zither symbolizes the theory of "a square earth and spherical heavens"and rule of priority in rank.The structure of a zither is similar with a human body including head;forehead;neck;shoulder; waist;tongue and eyes.

材質上，古人嚴格遵循《考工記》的“和合”思想，圍繞天、地、材、工等要素，兼以濡養精神、塑造心靈、錘煉人格等人文標準，先是遍尋山野，對琴材的生長環境作出了具體描述，即高山峻谷、深溪絕磵、巉巖嶇險之地，其后又遍斫眾木，總結提出以紋理細膩、木質疏松的桐木為面，象征陽；以木質優良、堅實輕巧的梓木為底，象征陰。用料標準的明確，使琴音的發散與收斂得到兼顧。

In the aspect of material,in accordance with requirements of"Kaogongji",the material of was strictly selected from high mountain ridges.The surface is made of loosen or smooth paulownia and the bottom side of Chinese catalpa.The material standard ensures the high musical performance of Chinese zither.

在此基礎上，千百年來中國官方與民間開展了持久的斫琴實踐，唐代涌現出雷威、張越等一大批斫琴大家，宋代則設立了官方制琴機構——斫琴局，對古琴形制進行明確統一，并編撰出完整記錄古琴制作工藝規范《太音大全集》、《琴苑要錄》等，使得造琴之法得以傳世。而以“神農”、“仲尼”、“連珠”、“落霞”、“焦尾”等命名的琴式流傳深遠，則無不浸透著中國歷代文人的良苦用心。

Craftsmen from the civil and governmental departments continuously improved the zither manufacturing techniques.Lei Wei and Zhang Yue were the masters in the era of Tang and Song Dynasty.In Song Dynasty,official zither manufacturing bureau was established.The bureau stipulated the specification of Chinese zither and published standards of zither manufacturing including"Complete Work of Antique Qin Music"and"Qinyuanyaolu",which enabled the techniques of zither manufacturing to be passed down from father to son.Famous Chinese zithers including "Shennong";"Zhongni";"Lianzhu";"Luoxia"and "Jiaowei"symbolizes the artistic accomplishment of literatus in ancient China.

毫無疑問，在中國傳統文化背景下，斫琴所遵循的一系列標準，與中國古代文人對于封建禮制的尊崇、對于人與自然和諧的追求息息相關。正是基于這些人文屬性，使得古代斫琴的相關標準成為一種美學、一種琴道，啟迪今人在推進古琴制作工藝標準化的進程中，深入探尋傳統文化與器物制造現代化的結合點。

Absolutely,in the setting of Chinese traditional culture,zither manufacturing standards stand for the obedience to Feudal ritual and pursuit to harmony between human and nature.The humanity property makes the zither manufacturing standards become aesthetics and encourages people in modern time to achieve a balance between traditional culture and modern technology in the course of standardization in the Chinese zither manufacturing.

（支持單位：上海市標準化研究院）