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新課標(biāo)下高中英語(yǔ)閱讀課堂詞匯有效教學(xué)的實(shí)踐

2014-06-05 10:21:41高鴻雁
考試周刊 2014年19期
關(guān)鍵詞:詞匯文本課文

高鴻雁

一、引言

詞匯對(duì)閱讀理解的重要性不言而喻。Wilkins說(shuō):“沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法,就不能很好地表達(dá),而沒(méi)有詞匯,則什么也表達(dá)不了。”詞匯是影響閱讀的第一要素,離開(kāi)了詞匯,閱讀就等于紙上談兵。《高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(實(shí)驗(yàn)稿)中語(yǔ)言知識(shí)目標(biāo)的八級(jí)詞匯要求是:(1)運(yùn)用詞匯理解和表達(dá)不同的功能、意圖和態(tài)度等;(2)在比較復(fù)雜的情況下,運(yùn)用詞匯給事物命名、進(jìn)行指稱(chēng)、描述行為和特征、說(shuō)明概念等;(3)學(xué)會(huì)使用3300個(gè)左右的單詞和400~500個(gè)習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)或固定搭配。《課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》中要求的詞匯“量”大,在“質(zhì)”上不僅要求我們掌握詞匯的音、形、義,更要掌握詞匯在具體語(yǔ)境中的運(yùn)用。

高中閱讀課詞匯教學(xué)普遍存在兩個(gè)極端:一是閱讀與詞匯教學(xué)割裂,甚至在閱讀的第一課時(shí)沒(méi)有詞匯教學(xué),到第二課時(shí)的Language points才滿堂灌詞匯。二是在閱讀過(guò)程中,教師深入講解詞匯,脫離文本,對(duì)其所有用法進(jìn)行拓展訓(xùn)練,忽略語(yǔ)言在某種特定情境中的含義和用法。通過(guò)閱讀教學(xué),學(xué)生應(yīng)該在語(yǔ)篇中感知目標(biāo)詞匯,在文本的不同語(yǔ)境中理解目標(biāo)詞匯,在話題拓展中初步運(yùn)用詞匯,讓詞匯在閱讀課堂內(nèi)得到有效實(shí)踐。筆者以Module1 Unit3的閱讀課堂為例,探討閱讀課中的詞匯有效教學(xué)。

二、閱讀課堂詞匯有效教學(xué)的實(shí)踐

(一)閱讀前——選擇和處理詞匯

在閱讀教學(xué)中,不要盲目地把文章中出現(xiàn)的所有生詞都當(dāng)做重點(diǎn)詞匯處理。新版教材詞匯量的增加,主要是識(shí)記詞匯及專(zhuān)有名詞的增加,與語(yǔ)言輸出沒(méi)有必然聯(lián)系,沒(méi)有必要花大量時(shí)間。教師要根據(jù)課標(biāo),研讀文本和學(xué)情,對(duì)詞匯進(jìn)行篩選和分類(lèi),在教學(xué)中有的放矢,重點(diǎn)突出。筆者把本單元的詞匯分為認(rèn)讀詞匯和核心詞匯。

1.認(rèn)讀詞匯處理要為閱讀掃清障礙,為理解和表達(dá)服務(wù)。

對(duì)篇章分析后發(fā)現(xiàn),文章的前兩段是敘述性段落,只要克服了語(yǔ)言上的問(wèn)題,學(xué)生理解起來(lái)就不會(huì)太困難。第三段中滲透著跨學(xué)科、跨文化的語(yǔ)言信息,會(huì)引起學(xué)生的畏難情緒。筆者采用圖像、語(yǔ)言、問(wèn)題等手段創(chuàng)設(shè)教學(xué)情境,使知識(shí)融于情境之中,掃除地理專(zhuān)業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)的詞匯障礙,把學(xué)生的注意力集中到語(yǔ)言表達(dá)和運(yùn)用上。學(xué)生再讀第三段時(shí),能將篇章的語(yǔ)言信息和腦海中的圖片信息有效結(jié)合起來(lái),加深對(duì)文段的理解,口頭表述湄公河的相關(guān)信息。

What the atlas tells about the Mekong:

The Mekong River begins in a ?搖?搖 ?搖?搖 on a Tibetan mountain.It becomes ?搖?搖 ?搖?搖 as it passes through deep ?搖?搖 ?搖?搖,traveling across western Yunnan Province.Sometimes the river enters wide ?搖?搖 ?搖?搖 and becomes a ?搖?搖 ?搖?搖.After it leaves China and the high Altitudes,the Mekong becomes wide,brown and warm.As it enters southeast Asia,it travels slowly(its pace slows)through hills and low ?搖?搖?搖 ?搖,and the ?搖?搖 ?搖?搖 where rice grows.At last,the rivers ?搖?搖 ?搖?搖 enters the South China Sea.

[說(shuō)明}教師作為整合教材的主導(dǎo),要非常清楚學(xué)生的已有水平、情感動(dòng)機(jī)、思維特征、認(rèn)知規(guī)律。依據(jù)教學(xué)需要調(diào)整教學(xué)順序,根本目的在于促進(jìn)學(xué)生有效學(xué)習(xí)。所填詞匯只要求認(rèn)讀即可,重點(diǎn)放在文化意識(shí)目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)上。

2.核心詞匯要為文本解讀服務(wù),為語(yǔ)言輸出做準(zhǔn)備。

核心詞匯對(duì)文本理解起關(guān)鍵作用,不僅要識(shí)記音、形、義,還要掌握其用法。在本節(jié)課學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言輸出活動(dòng)中,所需要用到的詞匯為核心詞匯,在教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)中要給予充分關(guān)注,并適時(shí)穿插于各個(gè)語(yǔ)言輸入環(huán)節(jié)的學(xué)習(xí)中,以實(shí)現(xiàn)有效教學(xué)。以下為本堂閱讀課要掌握的核心詞匯:dream,ever since,persuade,get sb interested in cycling,graduate,finally,schedule,be fond of,stubborn,insist,organize,detail,determine,make up ones mind,give in。其中dream和detail雖不是本文的生詞,卻是理解文章的關(guān)鍵詞,get sb interested in cycling和insist的語(yǔ)言特性也是學(xué)生要掌握的,故列為課堂閱讀核心詞匯。

3.讀前核心詞匯的初步感知。

確定好核心詞匯后,教師要采取不同方法凸顯核心和話題詞匯,以提高課堂教學(xué)效率。

(1)Free talk語(yǔ)境中導(dǎo)學(xué)新詞。

Free talk不是天馬行空地任意發(fā)揮,教師要圍繞閱讀話題,結(jié)合生活實(shí)踐,創(chuàng)造性地創(chuàng)設(shè)教學(xué)情境,綜合運(yùn)用多種詞匯教學(xué)策略,盡量把核心詞匯及其用法展示給學(xué)生,幫助學(xué)生理解、記憶、運(yùn)用詞匯。

T:When I was in middle school,I was fond of travelling.I liked it so much that being a guide became my dream.To be a guide,one must pass many tests,including a face-to-face interview.So I tried to persuade my best friend to do it together.But I couldnt get her interested in travelling because she was determined to(made up her mind)be a teacher.As a person of great determination,she is not easy to be persuaded.Instead,she persuaded me to work hard to be a teacher in the future.Finally,I gave in.I had a tight schedule.I was so busy that I did not get the chance to realize my dream.And as you see,after graduating from college,I became a teacher instead of a guide.Ever since my graduation from college,I have dreamed about it for 13years.

[說(shuō)明]筆者在依托語(yǔ)境導(dǎo)入核心詞匯時(shí),側(cè)重新詞教學(xué)策略的多元化設(shè)計(jì),如用同義詞like it so much替換解釋be fond of;用work hard to be a teacher,I was so busy的語(yǔ)境幫學(xué)生理解had a tight schedule;構(gòu)詞法,如派生graduate/graduation,determined/determination,如轉(zhuǎn)化dream作為名詞和動(dòng)詞的用法搭配;例句補(bǔ)充如a person of great determination is not easy to be persuaded.教師要采取有效的詞匯學(xué)習(xí)策略,幫助學(xué)生掌握有效的詞匯學(xué)習(xí)和記憶方法。

(2)插圖談?wù)撝屑とぴ鲋?/p>

教材插圖是穿插在課文中為文章提供背景信息的圖片,隱含很多知識(shí)點(diǎn)。教師不能滿堂灌,應(yīng)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生自主發(fā)掘,充分調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生的主動(dòng)性和積極性。在問(wèn)答中適時(shí)引入新詞,激發(fā)學(xué)生閱讀期待。

T:Look at the map and we can see that Mekong River flows through.China,Laos,Thailand,Cambodia,Burma,Vietnam.

改進(jìn)后:

T:Look at the map and what information can you get?

S:The river goes through China,Laos,Thailand,Cambodia,Burma,Vietnam.

T:It flows so many countries.

S:Two rivers are mentioned.

T:One or two? Find the proof in the passage?

S:In China it is called Lancang River.

T:Are you satisfied with the information.Boys and girls,read and try to find more details about it.

S:It starts in Qinghai Province at an altitude of more than 5,000meters.

T:Yes.The source is Qinghai.So can you understand the word“down”in the title?

S:From a high altitude to some place low.

T:Very good.Lets start our journey down the Mekong.

在筆者的引導(dǎo)下,學(xué)生積極挖掘圖片信息,并主動(dòng)通過(guò)快讀閱讀獲取更多信息。結(jié)合之前plains平原的信息,就很容易理解標(biāo)題,激發(fā)進(jìn)一步閱讀的興趣。

(3)英語(yǔ)釋義尋找生詞。

挑選一些新詞匯,要求學(xué)生根據(jù)英文釋義和提示,從課文中找出生詞。用學(xué)生學(xué)過(guò)的詞匯解釋新詞,有利于詞的記憶和提取,為文本閱讀進(jìn)一步掃清障礙。

cycle,schedule,be fond of,shortcoming,altitude,pace,bend

①to travel by bicycle.

②a plan that lists all the work that you have to do and when you must do each thing.

③have a great love for sb or sth.

④a fault in ones character.

⑤the height above the sea level.

⑥a speed sth runs or moves.

⑦to change direction to form a curve or an angle.

(二)閱讀中——理解核心詞匯

對(duì)文本的理解是閱讀課堂中詞匯教學(xué)的有效前提,貫穿閱讀過(guò)程的詞匯教學(xué)應(yīng)有效促進(jìn)學(xué)生對(duì)文本的理解。閱讀設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中要自覺(jué)強(qiáng)化核心詞匯意識(shí),設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)時(shí)要考慮語(yǔ)言輸出,通過(guò)任務(wù)的解決,實(shí)現(xiàn)詞匯目標(biāo)。在活動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)中,體現(xiàn)足夠的對(duì)新學(xué)語(yǔ)言的“凸顯性”(salience)和“復(fù)現(xiàn)率”(frequency),通過(guò)活動(dòng)使學(xué)生對(duì)語(yǔ)言形式產(chǎn)生猛然的醒悟作用或者反復(fù)的再現(xiàn)與關(guān)注。

1.Skimming。

標(biāo)題解讀能幫助學(xué)生預(yù)測(cè)內(nèi)容,迅速獲取文章的結(jié)構(gòu)圖式和內(nèi)容圖式,讓學(xué)生更清晰、準(zhǔn)確地理解文本。

T:Look at the title “Journey down the Mekong” and predict what it is about.

S:Who?Why travel?

T:What else?

S:Route?Where?What to see?When?How?

T:These are what is called schedule.

T:Look at the subtitle.Part1:the dream and the plan.Go through the three paragraphs quickly to check your former guess and find the main idea.

S:Para.1:Wang Kun and Wang Weis dream.Para.2:Wang Weis plan.Para.3:Preparations for their trip.

從標(biāo)題預(yù)測(cè)到快速閱讀進(jìn)行核實(shí),學(xué)生的注意力高度集中,且思維被積極調(diào)動(dòng)。在預(yù)測(cè)階段再次理解schedule的含義,在核實(shí)階段涉及眾多核心詞匯。

2.Scanning。

第三段在讀前已做處理,此階段主要圍繞dream和plan(preparations),就一二兩段進(jìn)行細(xì)節(jié)閱讀和理解。設(shè)計(jì)的問(wèn)題和任務(wù)既要幫助學(xué)生理解文章內(nèi)容,又必須再現(xiàn)之前呈現(xiàn)的核心詞匯。

Para1:考查學(xué)生細(xì)節(jié),問(wèn)答均再現(xiàn)核心詞匯,促進(jìn)對(duì)新詞匯的理解。

(1)What was their dream?

(2)What was their plan?

(3)When did they realize their dream?

(4)Who suggested the trip and who planned the trip to the Mekong?

答案如下:

(1)They dreamed about taking a great bike trip.

(2)To cycle along the entire Mekong River from where it begins to where it ends.

(3)After graduating from college,they finally got the chance.

(4)It was Wang Wei who first had the idea and she planned the schedule.

T: So they are scheduled to cycle. The journey is scheduled after graduation.The scheduled journey covers the whole river.

Para2:要求學(xué)生閱讀Wang Kun旅行日志中的描述,除了顯而易見(jiàn)的stubborn外,總結(jié)出描寫(xiě)Wang Wei性格的adjs。在核對(duì)中既出現(xiàn)了核心詞匯,又深入理解了文本信息。結(jié)合旅行日志這一文體特征,讓學(xué)生為Wang Wei辯護(hù),再次研讀文本,體會(huì)作者的措辭。

T:Is it a difficult journey along the Mekong River?

S:Yes.The journey begins at an altitude of more than 5,000 meters,where it is hard to breathe and very cold.

T:What kind of person is Wang Wei according to Wang Kuns description? Read and find adjs.

T:Do you think Wang Kun is fair in his description of Wang Wei? For example,Wang Wei insisted that they start the journey from the source although Wang Kun insisted that it would be a difficult journey. We can say Wang Wei is stubborn or she is a person with great determination. Do you think Wang Wei would agree with his description of her? What is your idea about Wang Wei?

(三)閱讀后——鞏固運(yùn)用詞匯

學(xué)生至少需要與詞匯接觸5~16次,才有可能真正掌握一個(gè)詞匯(Nation,1990)。判斷學(xué)生掌握詞匯的主要依據(jù)在于能否準(zhǔn)確、得體地運(yùn)用詞匯。教師要設(shè)計(jì)多種讀后任務(wù),增加詞匯鞏固的環(huán)節(jié),提高核心詞匯的復(fù)現(xiàn)率,以幫助學(xué)生理解并靈活運(yùn)用所學(xué)詞匯。

讀后活動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)要以學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言發(fā)展為中心,體現(xiàn)目標(biāo)語(yǔ)言、話題語(yǔ)言的運(yùn)用。通過(guò)在一定的語(yǔ)境下重組閱讀文本的語(yǔ)言,鞏固和運(yùn)用閱讀材料中的新學(xué)詞匯和語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)。筆者設(shè)計(jì)歸納了以下活動(dòng),可根據(jù)學(xué)生和教學(xué)實(shí)際有選擇地使用。

1. 課文語(yǔ)境下的核心詞匯鞏固。

以課文內(nèi)容為情景語(yǔ)境,能加深對(duì)課文的記憶和理解,讓學(xué)生更有信心鞏固核心詞匯。

(1)補(bǔ)全重點(diǎn)詞挖空的課文縮寫(xiě)。

Wang Wei and I had ?搖?搖 ?搖?搖 about taking a great bike trip ever ?搖?搖 ?搖?搖 middle school.After ?搖?搖 ?搖?搖 from college,we ?搖 ?搖?搖?搖 got the chance to make our come true. Wang Wei was very ?搖 ?搖?搖?搖.Once she had made up her mind,nothing could change it.She ?搖 ?搖?搖?搖 that we find the source of the river and begin our ?搖 ?搖?搖?搖 there.

Before the trip we found a large atlas in the library,from which they knew clearly about the Mekong River. We planned our ?搖?搖 ?搖?搖 according to the atlas.

(dreamed;since;graduating/graduation;finally;stubborn;insisted;journey;schedule)

(2)提供詞和框架改寫(xiě)課文。

Retell the passage in the third person referring to the chart.

給出清晰的文章框架,讓學(xué)生根據(jù)所提供的關(guān)鍵詞和短語(yǔ),用自己的話復(fù)述課文。這是一個(gè)很好的幫助學(xué)生回憶課文內(nèi)容的形式,也是一個(gè)提高學(xué)生運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言能力的方法。

(3)發(fā)揮想象,設(shè)計(jì)情景對(duì)話。

Imagine that you are Wang Kun and Wang Wei. Make up a dialogue using information in the first two paragraphs.

以課文一二段為題材創(chuàng)造對(duì)話環(huán)境,學(xué)生必須重新組織語(yǔ)言。對(duì)話不是對(duì)文本內(nèi)容的簡(jiǎn)單重復(fù),而是對(duì)文本內(nèi)容的衍生和拓展。可極大地激發(fā)學(xué)生用英語(yǔ)的熱情,鞏固和活用本堂課的核心詞匯。

2.讀后寫(xiě)作中的詞匯運(yùn)用。

(1)詞匯分類(lèi)后進(jìn)行寫(xiě)作運(yùn)用。

對(duì)詞匯進(jìn)行分類(lèi),有助于學(xué)生更好地理解這些詞匯運(yùn)用的情景。筆者在讀后環(huán)節(jié)要求學(xué)生分組討論,按所給要求找出文中新學(xué)的詞,在討論中實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)詞匯的運(yùn)用和提升。在寫(xiě)作輸出時(shí)能運(yùn)用目標(biāo)詞匯,真正運(yùn)用所學(xué)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)。

Activity1:Find out new words and expressions and categorize them into the following groups.

New words indicating “say”:persuade; insist.

New words indicating “attitude”:be fond of; care about; change ones mind; make up ones mind; give in.

New words describing peoples personality:stubborn; determined.

New words indicating “geography”:altitude;valley; glacier; rapids; waterfall; delta; meander.

New words indicating “preparation”:schedule;organize.

Activity2:Choose some words to finish your own travel journal.

說(shuō)明:對(duì)詞匯的分類(lèi)任務(wù),可以按需要安排在閱讀的各個(gè)階段。如在閱讀前,先解決文章重點(diǎn)部分語(yǔ)言問(wèn)題,也可以安排在閱讀教學(xué)過(guò)程中。教師只提供分類(lèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的制定與學(xué)情密切相關(guān),如針對(duì)學(xué)生輕視詞性的學(xué)情,按詞性對(duì)生詞進(jìn)行分類(lèi)。

(2)深化讀中任務(wù)進(jìn)行文體寫(xiě)作。

學(xué)生在閱讀文本后,能從謀篇布局、作者的遣詞造句、人物刻畫(huà)、行文中的字句斟酌等角度挖掘文本的深度。寫(xiě)作內(nèi)容基于讀中討論和文本,側(cè)重于新詞的運(yùn)用。

T: This passage is written as a personal entry in a travel journal. So it is informal but informative.What do you think of the purpose of the passage?

If you were Wang Wei,what would you write in your journal?

[學(xué)生作展]My name is Wang Wei.My brother Wang Kun and I have dreamed about taking a great bike trip.After graduation,we decided to cycle along the Mekong River.Although I didnt know the best way of getting to places,I insisted I organize the trip properly. When I knew that the journey would begin at an altitude of more than 5,000 meters,I seemed to be excited about it.When I was told the air there would be cold and hard to breathe,I thought it would be an interesting experience.Once I have made up my mind,nothing can change it. So Wang Kun had to give in.Because I wouldnt change my mind,someone says I am a little stubborn,but I think I am just a person with great determination.

點(diǎn)評(píng):很開(kāi)心學(xué)生能在讀后輸出環(huán)節(jié)有意識(shí)地運(yùn)用本課所學(xué)新詞(畫(huà)線),并能恰當(dāng)運(yùn)用詞匯的形式,如graduation和determination。

三、結(jié)語(yǔ)

閱讀課堂的詞匯教學(xué)要立足扎根于文本,通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)相關(guān)問(wèn)題、圖表、話題等搭建支架,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生深入推進(jìn)自主認(rèn)知活動(dòng),在閱讀各環(huán)節(jié)始終做到閱讀教學(xué)和詞匯教學(xué)的有機(jī)融合。教師要充分挖掘?qū)W生已有的認(rèn)知經(jīng)驗(yàn)和生活經(jīng)驗(yàn),并最終回歸現(xiàn)實(shí)生活,讓學(xué)生在語(yǔ)境中學(xué)習(xí)詞匯,在語(yǔ)篇中理解詞義,在實(shí)踐中提高語(yǔ)用能力。要采取有效的詞匯教學(xué)策略,幫助學(xué)生掌握有效的詞匯學(xué)習(xí)和記憶方法,真正激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣,促進(jìn)詞匯的有效習(xí)得,加深對(duì)文本的理解。

參考文獻(xiàn):

[1]中華人民共和國(guó)教育部.普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn).人民教育出版社,2003.

[2]潘云梅等.英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)中的詞匯處理:循環(huán)與提升.浙江大學(xué)出版社,2011.

[3]王小紅.多管齊下,提高初中英語(yǔ)閱讀課詞匯教學(xué)的有效性.中小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究,2013年專(zhuān)刊.

[4]鄭煥華.例談高中英語(yǔ)詞匯教學(xué)中的問(wèn)題及對(duì)策.中小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究,2013.12.

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