王選玲
英語中大多數介詞后面接的都是名詞和動詞的ing形式,而with這個介詞比較特殊,其后還可接動名詞之外的結構。我們一起看一下With的復合結構。所謂with復合結構,就是with后面接名詞或者代詞做賓語,再加上形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、動詞不定式、現在分詞或者過去分詞在句中做狀語。①With the door open, he went out.②With the light on.I fell asleep.③With a book in his hand,the teacher came in.④With a lot of work to do, I had to stay up.⑤With the work finished,I can sleep now.⑥With him helping me. I passed the exam.
那么,復合結構中不同的動詞形式有什么區別呢?動詞不定式包括兩種to do和to be done。兩者表示的都是將要發生的動作,區別在于:用to do形式動作的發出者在句中能找到,而to be done形式的動作的發出者在句中找不到。例如:With an exam to take, I have to prepare. With an exam to be held, I have to prepare.兩個句子的共同點在于考試這件事還沒發生,因此確定用to do或者to be done形式。區別不在于不定式和exam是主動還是被動關系,而是看take和hold的動作發出者能否在句中找到。第一個例子I我能發出take an exam參加考試這個動作。第二例子中hold an exam舉行考試這個動作的發出者在整個句中找不到,因此用to be done形式。現在分詞形式表示分詞和其前面的名詞構成主動關系,并且動作正進行或者發生過。例如:With LiLei leading the way, I found the station easily.
過去分詞表示賓語補足語和賓語構成被動關系。例如:With his work finished, he went swimming.要熟練掌握“With”復合結構,關鍵是多練。以下是幾道練習題。
①John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work( ), he gladly accepted it. A.finished、B.finishing、C.having finished、D.was finished
②I couldnt do my homework with all that noise( ).A.going on、B.goes on、 C.went on、D.to go on
③( )our food ( ), we had to walk to a village for help. A.Since,runs out;B.Because,run out;C.With,running out;D.For,running out
④With a lot of work( ), I couldnt go to see the doctor. A.to do、B.doing、C.done、D.has done
答案:A、A、C、A.
(遼寧省普蘭店三十八中學)