荀平??孫莉??李恒斌??尚怡君
[摘要] 目的 探討心力衰竭患者利尿治療前后aVR導聯QRS波振幅與腦鈉肽變化的關系,探討心力衰竭治療有效的心電圖指標,為臨床療效評估提供簡便易行的預測方法。方法 觀察心力衰竭患者50例,分別于入院時利尿治療前及治療后出院時行12導聯心電圖檢查,觀察aVR導聯QRS波振幅變化;監測體重;測定腦鈉肽濃度。結果 心力衰竭患者經利尿治療后心電圖aVR導聯QRS波的振幅較治療前顯著增高,體重顯著下降,BNP顯著下降。結論 aVR導聯QRS波振幅變化與腦鈉肽可以用來評估心力衰竭患者利尿治療療效的簡單可靠的指標。
[關鍵詞] 心力衰竭;利尿劑;aVR導聯QRS波振幅;腦鈉肽
[中圖分類號] R540.41 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 2095-0616(2014)04-57-03
Analysis on changes of QRS-wave amplitude in aVR lead and brain natriuretic peptide before and after the treatment of heart failure
XUN Ping SUN Li LI Hengbin SHANG Yijun
Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Treatment Centre,Jilin Central General Hospital,Jilin 132013,China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the changes of QRS-wave amplitude in aVR lead and brain natriuretic peptide(BNP) before and after the diuretic therapy for patients with heart failure, and to explore the effective indices of ECG for the treatment of heart failure, so as to provide easy predictions for the evaluation of clinical curative effects. Methods 50 patients with heart failure were observed and received 12-lead ECG before the diuretic therapy on admission and after the therapy on discharge. Changes of QRS-wave amplitude in aVR lead were observed; patients' weights were monitored; concentrations of BNP were tested. Results The QRS-wave amplitude in aVR lead for patients with heart failure after the diuretic therapy was significantly higher than that before the therapy. Patients' weights and BNP concentrations significantly reduced. Conclusion Changes of QRS-wave amplitude in aVR lead and BNP can be used as easy and reliable indices for the evaluation of curative effects of diuretic therapy for patients with heart failure.
[Key words] Heart failure;Diuretics;QRS-wave amplitude in aVR lead;Brain natriuretic peptide(BNP)
近年來隨著人口老齡化,心力衰竭患者的發病率也逐年上升,心血管疾病的診治水平也得到了飛速發展,檢測心力衰竭的技術也在不斷進步。心臟彩超、N末端B型人腦利鈉肽(NT-proBNP)[1]也大大提高了心力衰竭患者檢測的敏感性和特異性,在檢測心功能中起到重要作用,但該兩項檢測僅在一定規模的大醫院才能進行,且價格偏貴,基層醫院更渴望有一種更簡便、更經濟、更大眾化、隨時可以應用的檢測技術來評價心力衰竭治療效果。心電圖是目前最為普及的一項檢測技術,具有簡便、準確、快速、無創等優勢,可以用于心力衰竭治療效果的評價[2]。本文旨在研究心力衰竭患者利尿治療前后心電圖aVR導聯(Ld aVR) QRS波振幅與體重及BNP變化的關系。
1 資料與方法
1.1 對象
研究對象為2013年1~12月入住吉林市中心醫院心內科的所有急性及慢性心力衰竭伴液體潴留的患者(NYHA分級III~IV級)。男28例,女22例,平均年齡(65.0±4.6)歲。排除心律失常、肺氣腫、肝硬化腹水、腎功能不全、束支傳導阻滯等患者。入院后接受利尿治療,根據病情口服及靜脈應用利尿劑。
1.2 觀察指標及檢測方法
1.2.1 Ld aVR測量 采用日本光電9130P 12導聯心電圖機,所有患者于入院時利尿治療前及治療后出院時安靜狀態下記錄12導聯心電圖,走紙速度25mm/s,心電圖標準電壓為1mV。測量方法:將
aVR導聯R波振幅的絕對值與S波或Q波振幅的絕對值相加,心電圖紙上兩條橫線間(1mm)表示0.1mV。
1.2.2 體重的監測 所有患者穿統一的病號服,應用同一校正后體重計,于入院時利尿治療前及治療后出院時晨起空腹,排空膀胱后測量體重,體重以kg為單位,精確到0.1kg。
1.2.3 血清NT-proBNP測定 所有對象采集于入院時利尿治療前及治療后出院時行清晨空腹肘靜脈血3mL,待自然凝固后1h內在離心機以3000r/min離心10min分離血清,應用德國羅氏診斷公司Elecsys2010NT-proBNP自動分析儀進行檢測,以pro-BNP試劑盒(上海西唐生物科技有限公司),利用酶聯免疫吸附試驗法(ELISA法)測定血清BNP。
1.3 統計學處理
采用SPSS13.0軟件分析,計量資料以()表示,患者利尿治療前后各變量差異的顯著性分析應用配對t檢驗。利尿治療前后aVR導聯QRS波振幅與體重變化間的關系分析及腦鈉肽變化關系分析分別采用直線相關分析。以P<0.05認為差異有統計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 心力衰竭患者利尿治療前后各指標的比較
患者于入院時利尿治療前及治療后出院時aVR導聯QRS波振幅增加、體重下降及NT-proBNP下降,且差異均具有統計學意義(P<0.05)。見表1。
2.2 心力衰竭利尿治療前后體重變化值(△體重)
與aVR導聯QRS波振幅增加值(△Ld aVR)有相關性(R=0.240,P<0.05);△Ld aVR與腦鈉肽變化值NT-proBNP)有相關性(R=0.382,P<0.05)。
3 討論
本研究證實,心力衰竭液體潴留的患者經利尿治療后心電圖aVR導聯QRS波振幅較治療前顯著增高,體重顯著下降,NT-proBNP顯著下降。隨著心功能好轉,aVR導聯QRS波振幅增加與體重下降值及NT-proBNP下降值存在良好的相關性。
近年來,已有一些臨床研究表明心力衰竭經治療后,QRS波群振幅變化與心功能改善存在相關性[3-4],本研究也證實肢體導聯aVR導聯振幅增加提示心功能改善,與既往研究結果一致[5-6]。心力衰竭時液體潴留導致體表心電圖aVR導聯QRS波振幅下降的機制可能如下:(1)六軸系統中,aVR導聯位于額面右上60°,其負極位于左下30°,在Ⅰ、Ⅱ導聯之間。Ⅰ、Ⅱ導聯QRS波振幅之和反映6個肢體導聯的電壓值的變化情況,那么Ⅰ和Ⅱ導聯可以代替六個肢體導聯。而Ⅰ和Ⅱ導聯的代數和的反向為aVR導聯,故aVR導聯可以代表6個肢體導聯(Kirchff's第二電壓理論[4,7]),aVR導聯QRS波振幅變化可以用來很好的監測心力衰竭患者液體潴留狀態。(2)aVR導聯QRS波振幅的高低除了受心室除極向量的影響,還受機體體液阻抗的影響[8]。心臟與體表電極間導電介質主要包括肺與容積導體(除肺以外圍繞心臟的器官和組織),其導電性能可通過相應的電阻抗(復合阻抗)來表示。水是身體里低阻抗物質,體液容量過多時,使機體的復合阻抗降低。當心力衰竭發生時,左房的充盈壓升高,左右心室容量增加,當肺水腫、心包積液、胸腔積液和外周浮腫等使更多的體液潴留在肺部及外周,機體就是潴留了大量的導電介質,增加了心室與胸壁的距離,使胸部及全身的復合電阻抗減弱[9],傳導性增加,aVR導聯QRS波振幅降低。經過利尿治療后,患者心力衰竭癥狀緩解,體重減輕,容量負荷減少,全身電阻抗升高,傳導性下降,使aVR導聯QRS波振幅增加。
NT-proBNP水平是評價心力衰竭嚴重程度和預后的敏感客觀指標[10],可反映心力衰竭患者心功能變化情況[11],本研究證實心力衰竭利尿治療后心功能改善,NT-proBNP較前下降,aVR導聯QRS波振幅較前升高。aVR導聯QRS波振幅變化與NT-proBNP下降值存在良好的相關性。提示aVR導聯QRS波振幅變化可以作為一項評價心力衰竭患者利尿治療后心功能的指標。且Ld aVR相對心臟彩超檢查復雜及成本而論,aVR導聯QRS波振幅更簡便,更直接。
綜上所述,心電圖aVR導聯QRS波振幅具有簡便、快速、無創的特點,結合NT-proBNP、心臟彩超檢查有利于提高心力衰竭患者診斷的敏感性及特異性,可廣泛應用于基層醫院,更適用于心力衰竭患者病情的初步評價,并可用于評估心力衰竭患者利尿治療的效果及心功能改善的良好指標。
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(收稿日期:2013-12-28)
[5] Madias JE.aVR,an index of all ECG limb leads,with clinical utility for monitoring of patients with edematous states,including heart failure[J].Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2009,32(12):1567-1576.
[6] Madias JE,Song J,White CM,et al.Response of the ECG to short-term diuresis in patients with heart failure[J].Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol,2005,10(3):288-296.
[7] John EM.On the Use of the Inverse Electrocardiogram Leads[J].Am J Cardiol,2009,103(2):221-226.
[8] Madias JE,Attanti S,Narayan V.Relationship among electrocardiographic potential amplitude,weight,and resistance/reactance/impedance in a patient with peripheral edema treated for congestive heart failure[J].J Electrocardiol,2003,36(2):167-171.
[9] Madias JE.On the mechanism of augmentation of electrocardiogram QRS complexes in patients with congestive heart failure responding to diuresis[J].J Electrocardiol,2005,38(1):54-57.
[10] Cowie MR,Mendez GF.BNP and congestive heart failure[J].Prog Cardiovasc Dis,2002,44(4):293-321.
[11] Galinier M,Berry M,Delmas C,et al.Interest of NT-proBNP in chronic heart failure follow-up[J].Ann Biol Clin(Paris),2013,71:39-45.
(收稿日期:2013-12-28)
[5] Madias JE.aVR,an index of all ECG limb leads,with clinical utility for monitoring of patients with edematous states,including heart failure[J].Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2009,32(12):1567-1576.
[6] Madias JE,Song J,White CM,et al.Response of the ECG to short-term diuresis in patients with heart failure[J].Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol,2005,10(3):288-296.
[7] John EM.On the Use of the Inverse Electrocardiogram Leads[J].Am J Cardiol,2009,103(2):221-226.
[8] Madias JE,Attanti S,Narayan V.Relationship among electrocardiographic potential amplitude,weight,and resistance/reactance/impedance in a patient with peripheral edema treated for congestive heart failure[J].J Electrocardiol,2003,36(2):167-171.
[9] Madias JE.On the mechanism of augmentation of electrocardiogram QRS complexes in patients with congestive heart failure responding to diuresis[J].J Electrocardiol,2005,38(1):54-57.
[10] Cowie MR,Mendez GF.BNP and congestive heart failure[J].Prog Cardiovasc Dis,2002,44(4):293-321.
[11] Galinier M,Berry M,Delmas C,et al.Interest of NT-proBNP in chronic heart failure follow-up[J].Ann Biol Clin(Paris),2013,71:39-45.
(收稿日期:2013-12-28)