盛西陵 祝玉娟 徐文博 唐關敏
[摘 要] 目的 觀察磺脲類藥物對兔心肌缺血再灌注損傷后適應影響及其機制。方法 將30只新西蘭大白兔隨機分為5組:(1)假手術組,僅穿線不作冠狀動脈結扎;(2)缺血-再灌注組,缺血45分鐘,再灌注2小時;(3)后適應組,缺血45分鐘,然后行短暫灌注30秒,缺血30秒,共3次,再行全面的2小時再灌注;(4)格列美脲組,實驗開始時外周靜脈注射格列美脲02mg/kg,其余操作同后適應組;(5)格列本脲組,實驗開始時外周注射格列本脲05mg/kg,其余操作同后適應組。實驗結束時測各組血清肌鈣蛋白含量及心肌梗死面積。結果 肌鈣蛋白含量假手術組明顯低于各手術組,后適應組與格列美脲組顯著低于缺血再灌注組與格列本脲組,差異均有統計學意義(P<001),而后適應組與格列美脲組及缺血再灌注組與格列本脲組差異均無統計學意義(P>005)。心肌梗死面積后適應組、格列美脲組明顯低于缺血再灌注組及格列本脲組,差異有統計學意義(P<001);后適應組與格列美脲組、缺血再灌注組與格列本脲組之間差異無統計學意義(P>005)。結論 格列本脲可消除后適應兔心肌缺血再灌注損傷的保護作用,而格列美脲卻對后適應保護作用無影響。
[關鍵詞] 心肌缺血再灌注損傷;后適應;磺脲類
中圖分類號:R5422 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:1009_816X(2014)02_0105_03
doi:103969/jissn1009_816x20140206Effects of Sulfonylurea on Myocardial Ischemia_reperfusion Injury in Rabbits. SHENG Xi_ling ,ZHU Yu_juan, XU Wen_bo, et al Department of cardiology, The First Jiaxing Hospital, Zhejiang 314000, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the effects of sulfonylurea on myocardial ischemia_reperfusion injury in rabbits Methods 30 healthy New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into 5 groups: (1)sham operation group(coronary artery ligation,CAL); (2) ischemia reperfusion injury group (IRI), ischemia for 45 minutes and reperfusion for 2 hours; (3) postconditioning (Post C) group, after ischemia for 45 minutes, 30 seconds reperfusion, 30 seconds occlusion of coronary artery and repeated for 3 times, then reperfusion for 2 hours; (4) glimepiride group, IV 02mg/kg of glimepiride through periphery vein, then the same process conducted as Post C group; (5)glibenclamide group, IV 05mg/kg of glibenclamide through periphery vein,then the same process conducted as Post C group The infarct size and the content of cTnI were measured at the end of experiment Results The content of cTnI in sham operation group was significantly lower compared with the other groups The content of cTnI in Post C and Glimepiride group were significantly lower than IRI and glibenclamide groups(P<001) There was no significant difference between Post C and glimepiride group, IRI and glibenclamide group The infarct size of Post C and glimepiride group were significantly smaller compared with the IRI and glibenclamide group; there was no difference between Post C group and glimepiride group, and there was also no difference between IRI group and glibenclamide group Conclusions Postconditioning may provide myocardial protection in rabbits in IRI This effect can be abolished by glibenclamide but not by glimepiridei.
[Key words] Myocardium ischemia_reperfusion injury; Postconditioning; Sulfonylurea
研究表明,預適應可以顯著減輕心肌缺血再灌注損傷,以格列本脲為代表的某些磺脲類藥物可以促進KATP通道關閉而阻斷缺血預適應對缺血心肌保護作用。本實驗通過建立大白兔心肌缺血再灌注損傷模型,觀察磺脲類藥物對兔心肌缺血再灌注損傷后適應影響及探討其機制。
1 材料和方法
11 材料:
111 實驗動物:健康新西蘭大白兔30只,雌雄不限,由汕頭大學動物中心提供,體重15~24公斤。
112 主要試劑:羊抗兔心臟肌鈣蛋白試劑盒購自美國ADL公司;格列本脲化學純、格列美脲化學純購自意大利Aventis Pharmas SPA公司。2,3,5_氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)購自南京奧多福尼生物科技有限公司。
12 方法:
121 心肌缺血再灌注損傷模型的建立[1,2]:本研究遵循國家實驗動物管理條例及國家實驗動物管理實施細則。從兔耳緣靜脈推注戊巴比妥鈉30mg/kg麻醉,切開頸部,氣管插管行人工呼吸,常規描記Ⅱ導聯心電圖。沿胸骨正中切開至胸骨角處,剪開心包暴露心臟,做心包吊床,在左冠狀動脈前降支(LAD)距根部2mm處,用5_0 prolene線穿過心肌淺層,絲線兩端穿過一小膠管,形成閉環。拉線,紋氏鉗固定造成心肌缺血,松開紋氏鉗造成再灌注,通過縫線遠端心外膜發紺表現和心電圖改變作為冠狀動脈結扎成功指標。假手術組僅穿線,不牽拉;藥物組于實驗開始后靜脈注入藥物,其他各組注入等量生理鹽水。所有動物開胸穿線成功后穩定20分鐘再行操作。所有動物均靜脈給予肝素鈉(500u/kg)抗凝。實驗結束時,以10%氯化鉀2ml靜脈注射處死動物。
122 實驗動物分組及干預[3]:30只健康新西蘭大白兔隨機分為五組,每組6只。(1)假手術組,不作冠狀動脈結扎。(2)缺血再灌注組,缺血45分鐘,再灌注2小時。(3)后適應組(Postconditioning,PostC)缺血45分鐘,然后行短暫灌注30秒,缺血30秒,共4次,再行全面的2小時再灌注。(4)格列美脲組,實驗開始時外周注射格列美脲02mg/kg,其余操作同后適應組。(5)格列本脲組,實驗開始時外周注射格列本脲05mg/kg,再行后適應操作。前三組于實驗開始時外周注射與4、5組等量的生理鹽水,實驗開始及結束時測各組動物血清肌鈣蛋白含量,實驗結束時測各組心肌梗死面積。
123 血清肌鈣蛋白(cTnI)測定:各組于實驗開始及結束后穿刺股靜脈取血1ml。所有樣本均于2500rpm離心10分鐘,收集血清于-80℃保存。收齊標本后按照ADL公司肌鈣蛋白檢測試劑盒說明書測定血清肌鈣蛋白。
124 心肌梗死面積測定[2]:采用TTC染色法、稱重法測定梗死面積。實驗結束后取左心室稱重,放置-20℃冰箱30min后取出。將心臟沿著長軸均勻切為厚度約1mm薄片。放置于pH74,37℃的2%TTC染色15min,灌注區染為藍色,非灌注區不染色。小心分離,稱重法測量梗死區占左心室重量,以百分比表示。
13 統計學處理:采用SPSS 160版統計軟件,計量數據以(x -±s)表示,各組數據進行正態性和方差齊性檢驗。多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,組間比較采用mann_whithey u檢驗,P<005為差異有統計學意義。
2 結果
21 各組間血清肌鈣蛋白含量比較:結扎冠脈前各組間血清肌鈣蛋白含量無統計學差異。再灌注2h后,各手術組肌鈣蛋白含量較假手術組明顯升高,后適應組與格列美脲組間無統計學差異,缺血再灌注組與格列本脲組間無統計學差異(P>005),但后適應組、格列美脲組與缺血再灌注組、格列本脲組對比較有統計學意義(P<001),見表1。
22 各組間心肌梗死面積比較:心肌梗死面積后適應組[(2736±315)%]與格列美脲組[(2917±423)%]差異無統計學意義(P>005),缺血再灌注組[(3736±282)%]與格列本脲組[(3948±341)%]間差異無統計學意義(P>005),后適應組、格列美脲組與缺血再灌注組及格列本脲組比較差異有統計學意義(P<001)。
3 討論
肌缺血-再灌注損傷是臨床需要解決的重要課題。本世紀初有學者提出了后適應(postconditioning)的概念,即在再灌注剛開始時進行多次、短暫的再灌注,可以起到很好的心肌保護作用[4,5],也陸續在大鼠、兔、犬等動物實驗及人體中得到證實,這為防治心肌缺血再灌注損傷的研究提供了新的思路[6,7]。
心肌缺血后適應是心臟的一種自我保護機制,目前的研究提示后適應操作可觸發心臟釋放內源性活性物質,通過細胞內信號傳導系統調節心臟功能,從而提高心肌對隨后較長時間的再灌注損傷的耐受性,對心肌形成保護作用。其信號傳導途徑及作用環節未完全闡明,目前的研究涉及3個基本環節:觸發物質(內源性活性物質)、中介物質(蛋白激酶)和效應物質(離子通道和保護蛋白),其中ATP敏感鉀離子通道(KATP)的開放可能在后適應中起關鍵作用,可能是后適應終末效應器。近年許多證據提示,心肌線粒體內膜KATP通道的開放在后適應保護作用中起關鍵作用,可減輕線粒體內Ca2+超載、減輕細胞凋亡[4~6]。細胞膜KATP通道的開放可縮短心肌動作電位時程,而動作電位的縮短也能減少Ca2+內流,減輕缺血再灌注損傷所致的細胞內Ca2+超載,促進心肌細胞功能的恢復,減少ATP消耗,減少心肌耗能,也可減少空間異質性,減少折返的發生,減少心律失常的發生。多個學者通過動物實驗證明細胞膜KATP通道阻斷劑如5_HD等可消除后適應的保護作用,而一些開放藥物可起到類似后適應的心肌保護作用[7]。
本實驗研究結果發現磺脲類治療糖尿病藥物格列本脲可消除后適應兔心肌缺血再灌注損傷的保護作用,而格列美脲卻對后適應保護作用無影響,其機理可能與心肌磺脲類受體(sulfonylurea receptor SUR)分布有關。研究表明,磺脲類藥物通過特異性結合于胰腺β細胞膜上的磺脲類受體,使KATP通道關閉,通過一系列細胞內信號傳遞過程刺激胰島素分泌顆粒向胞外分泌。而磺脲類藥物對KATP通道的作用并非一致,格列本脲對心肌SUR2A、血管SUR2B和胰腺SUR1都有很高的親和力,因此該藥在阻斷胰腺KATP,促進胰島素分泌同時,也關閉了心肌KATP通道,而同類的格列美脲卻無此作用[3,8]。格列美脲與格列本脲類似,均可通過阻斷KATP促進胰島素分泌,但該藥不影響心血管KATP通道,所以不影響心肌缺血后適應。更有學者報道格列美脲可激活膦脂酰肌醇3_激酶(PI3K)/Akt信號通路,產生藥物性后適應保護作用[9]。近來臨床也有報道格列本脲相比格列美脲可增加2型糖尿病患者死亡率,其原因是否與格列本脲對后適應影響有關需要進一步研究。
心肌后適應是機體內源性對缺血再灌注損傷的自我保護機制,由于其特有的時間特點,為臨床應用提供了新的思路,具體機制及最佳操作方法需要進一步深入研究。而心血管系統并發癥是糖尿病患者最主要的死亡原因,磺脲類藥物是治療2型糖尿病重要的藥物,其對心血管系統影響、安全性及最佳治療方案也值得進一步研究。
參考文獻
[1]Gao XQ, Li HW, Ling X, et al. Effect of rosiglitazone on rabbit model of myocardial ischemia_reperfusion injury[J]. Asian Pac J Trop Med, 2013,6(3):228-231.
[2]Iwasa M, Yamada Y, Kobayashi H, et al. Both stimulation of GLP_1 receptors and inhibition of glycogenolysis additively contribute to a protective effect of oral miglitol against ischaemia_reperfusion injury in rabbits[J]. Br J Pharmacol,2011,164(1):119-131.
[3]Nieszner E, Posa I, Kocsis E, et al. Influence of diabetic state and that of different sulfonylureas on the size of myocardial infarction with and without ischemic preconditioning in rabbits[J]. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes,2002,110(5):212-218.
[4]Heusch G, Schulz R. Preservation of peripheral vasodilation as a surrogate of cardioprotection? The mechanistic role of ATP_dependent potassium channels and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore[J]. Eur Heart J,2011,32(10):1184-1186.
[5]Jin C, Wu J, Watanabe M, et al. Mitochondrial K+ channels are involved in ischemic postconditioning in rat hearts[J]. J Physiol Sci,2012,62(4):325-332.
[6]Penna C, Pasqua T, Perrelli MG, et al. Postconditioning with glucagon like peptide_2 reduces ischemia/reperfusion injury in isolated rat hearts: role of survival kinases and mitochondrial KATP channels[J]. Basic Res Cardiol,2012,107(4):272.
[7]Obana M, Miyamoto K, Murasawa S, et al. Therapeutic administration of IL_11 exhibits the postconditioning effects against ischemia_reperfusion injury via STAT3 in the heart[J]. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2012,303(5):H569-577.
[8]Jovanovic A, Jovanovic S. SURA2 targeting for cardioprotection[J]. Curr Opin Pharmacol,2009,9(2):189-193.
[9]Ma XJ, Yin HJ, Guo CY, et al. Ischemic postconditioning through percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in pigs: roles of PI3K activation[J]. Coron Artery Dis,2012,23(4):245-250.
心肌后適應是機體內源性對缺血再灌注損傷的自我保護機制,由于其特有的時間特點,為臨床應用提供了新的思路,具體機制及最佳操作方法需要進一步深入研究。而心血管系統并發癥是糖尿病患者最主要的死亡原因,磺脲類藥物是治療2型糖尿病重要的藥物,其對心血管系統影響、安全性及最佳治療方案也值得進一步研究。
參考文獻
[1]Gao XQ, Li HW, Ling X, et al. Effect of rosiglitazone on rabbit model of myocardial ischemia_reperfusion injury[J]. Asian Pac J Trop Med, 2013,6(3):228-231.
[2]Iwasa M, Yamada Y, Kobayashi H, et al. Both stimulation of GLP_1 receptors and inhibition of glycogenolysis additively contribute to a protective effect of oral miglitol against ischaemia_reperfusion injury in rabbits[J]. Br J Pharmacol,2011,164(1):119-131.
[3]Nieszner E, Posa I, Kocsis E, et al. Influence of diabetic state and that of different sulfonylureas on the size of myocardial infarction with and without ischemic preconditioning in rabbits[J]. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes,2002,110(5):212-218.
[4]Heusch G, Schulz R. Preservation of peripheral vasodilation as a surrogate of cardioprotection? The mechanistic role of ATP_dependent potassium channels and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore[J]. Eur Heart J,2011,32(10):1184-1186.
[5]Jin C, Wu J, Watanabe M, et al. Mitochondrial K+ channels are involved in ischemic postconditioning in rat hearts[J]. J Physiol Sci,2012,62(4):325-332.
[6]Penna C, Pasqua T, Perrelli MG, et al. Postconditioning with glucagon like peptide_2 reduces ischemia/reperfusion injury in isolated rat hearts: role of survival kinases and mitochondrial KATP channels[J]. Basic Res Cardiol,2012,107(4):272.
[7]Obana M, Miyamoto K, Murasawa S, et al. Therapeutic administration of IL_11 exhibits the postconditioning effects against ischemia_reperfusion injury via STAT3 in the heart[J]. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2012,303(5):H569-577.
[8]Jovanovic A, Jovanovic S. SURA2 targeting for cardioprotection[J]. Curr Opin Pharmacol,2009,9(2):189-193.
[9]Ma XJ, Yin HJ, Guo CY, et al. Ischemic postconditioning through percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in pigs: roles of PI3K activation[J]. Coron Artery Dis,2012,23(4):245-250.
心肌后適應是機體內源性對缺血再灌注損傷的自我保護機制,由于其特有的時間特點,為臨床應用提供了新的思路,具體機制及最佳操作方法需要進一步深入研究。而心血管系統并發癥是糖尿病患者最主要的死亡原因,磺脲類藥物是治療2型糖尿病重要的藥物,其對心血管系統影響、安全性及最佳治療方案也值得進一步研究。
參考文獻
[1]Gao XQ, Li HW, Ling X, et al. Effect of rosiglitazone on rabbit model of myocardial ischemia_reperfusion injury[J]. Asian Pac J Trop Med, 2013,6(3):228-231.
[2]Iwasa M, Yamada Y, Kobayashi H, et al. Both stimulation of GLP_1 receptors and inhibition of glycogenolysis additively contribute to a protective effect of oral miglitol against ischaemia_reperfusion injury in rabbits[J]. Br J Pharmacol,2011,164(1):119-131.
[3]Nieszner E, Posa I, Kocsis E, et al. Influence of diabetic state and that of different sulfonylureas on the size of myocardial infarction with and without ischemic preconditioning in rabbits[J]. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes,2002,110(5):212-218.
[4]Heusch G, Schulz R. Preservation of peripheral vasodilation as a surrogate of cardioprotection? The mechanistic role of ATP_dependent potassium channels and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore[J]. Eur Heart J,2011,32(10):1184-1186.
[5]Jin C, Wu J, Watanabe M, et al. Mitochondrial K+ channels are involved in ischemic postconditioning in rat hearts[J]. J Physiol Sci,2012,62(4):325-332.
[6]Penna C, Pasqua T, Perrelli MG, et al. Postconditioning with glucagon like peptide_2 reduces ischemia/reperfusion injury in isolated rat hearts: role of survival kinases and mitochondrial KATP channels[J]. Basic Res Cardiol,2012,107(4):272.
[7]Obana M, Miyamoto K, Murasawa S, et al. Therapeutic administration of IL_11 exhibits the postconditioning effects against ischemia_reperfusion injury via STAT3 in the heart[J]. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2012,303(5):H569-577.
[8]Jovanovic A, Jovanovic S. SURA2 targeting for cardioprotection[J]. Curr Opin Pharmacol,2009,9(2):189-193.
[9]Ma XJ, Yin HJ, Guo CY, et al. Ischemic postconditioning through percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in pigs: roles of PI3K activation[J]. Coron Artery Dis,2012,23(4):245-250.