王潔方
摘要:中國排污權交易市場尚不完善,若初始排污權的分配結果與現有排污量差異過大,排污方不能及時調整生產方式或結構與之相適應,同時又無法順利在市場上購買到所必須的排污權量,排污方的經濟社會發展將會受到阻礙。基于此,提出了總量控制下流域初始排污權的競爭性混合分配方式:一部分排污權按照現狀排污比例進行分配,另一部分排污權實行競爭性分配。重點研究了排污權的競爭性分配決策:提出了由排污管理者制定柔性決策參數,排污方在柔性參數約束下進行自主競爭的初始排污權配置機制;建立了總量控制下初始排污權分配的競爭性決策模型,模擬排污方在排污管理者的總體控制下以“自身排污配比最大化”為目標通過交互評價的方式參與初始排污權的分配過程。柔性決策參數的構建反映了排污權管理者對初始排污權分配的公平性、高效性原則的整體把握;排污方在柔性權重下以“自評”和“它評”為主要形式進行交叉評價,體現了排污方在排污權分配中的“發言權”和“參與權”;排污權管理者對排污方交叉評價結果的集結,實質上是對排污方之間的“利益”進行協調。在初始排污權的競爭性混合分配方式中,競爭性分配的排污權比例取決于流域內排污方的經濟社會發展對排污量變化的“敏感度”,排污方經濟社會發展對排污量變化的“敏感度”越高,競爭性分配的比例的取值宜越小,反之越大。同時,可根據排污交易市場的建設進度,逐步提高競爭性分配排污權的比例,分階段實現流域排污權的動態分配,最終達到對排污權進行高效、公平分配的目標。以北江流域為例進行了分析,給出了排污權分配總量中競爭性分配比例取不同值時,北江流域6個城市排污權分配的動態結果。
關鍵詞:初始排污權分配;競爭性決策;總量控制
中圖分類號 X323;C935
文獻標識碼 A
文章編號 1002-2104(2014)05-0088-05
2011 年,中央一號文件提出實行最嚴格的水資源管理制度,明確指出要加強水功能區限制納污紅線管理,嚴格控制入河湖排污總量。排污總量控制下,如何實現各流域內初始排污權的科學配置,是當前水資源管理理論和實踐面臨的一個重要課題。目前,國外在排污權管理領域的研究成果多集中在排污權交易理論方面[1-4],流域初始排污權分配的研究較少[5]且多從非定量的角度展開。國內對流域初始排污權分配的研究多采用多指標決策法[6-8]和多目標規劃模型法[9-14],這兩種方法存在兩點不足:首先,初始排污權分配涉及的因素很多,如排污方的水資源稟賦,排污績效、經濟規模、人口結構與總量,用水習慣等,多目標規劃模型難以綜合考慮多樣化的分配因素,否則模型的變量可能過多且約束式復雜;其次,多指標決策模型可以全面地綜合反映多樣化的影響因素,但要求排污權管理者客觀、精確地給出各因素的權重,理論上可行,實踐中卻存在困難。此外,排污權分配決策建模過程中,尚需更充分地體現排污方的個體合理要求,避免排污方因分配不公而對分配方案產生抵觸情緒進而致使總量控制難以順利實施。
1 總量控制下初始排污權分配的交互評價競爭機制構建
公平、高效是排污權分配公認的兩大原則:在排污權分配決策中遵循公平原則,即要充分體現社會要素(如人口)和自然要素(如土地面積、水資源稟賦)在排污權分配中的平等性;在排污權分配決策中堅持高效原則,即排污權分配決策要兼顧經濟績效。除了公平性和高效性原則以外,由于現階段我國排污權分配交易市場尚不完善,若初始排污權的再分配結果與現有排污量差異過大,排污方短期內不能及時調整生活、生產方式或結構與之相適應,同時又無法順利在市場購買到所必須的排污權量,排污方的經濟社會發展將會受到阻礙,因此,尊重現狀是流域初始排污權分配須堅持的第三大原則。在排污權分配決策中尊重現狀,即要以現狀排污比例作為排污權分配決策的基本參照和出發點。
總量控制下,排污權分配的工作客體(可用于分配的排污權總量)等于流域可容納的排污總量,減去保障生活、生產運轉的基本排污量以及政府預留排污量。基于排污權分配的三大原則,以及在排污權分配過程中增強排污方參與性與能動性的需要,可將流域排污權工作客體劃分為兩部分:一部分按照現狀排污比例進行分配,此部分所占比例越大,排污權分配比例與現狀排污比例越接近;另一部分采用競爭機制進行分配,該部分在公平、高效原則的基礎上,盡可能體現排污方個體的合理要求。
本文采用交互評價競爭機制來對第二部分排污權工作客體進行分配,對應的決策流程為:首先,排污權管理者建立初始排污權分配的決策指標體系(主要包括公平性指標和高效性指標),并通過咨詢水資源管理專家確定指標的柔性權重(由于排污權分配影響因素的復雜性,精確的指標權重是難以科學確定的,柔性權重更能反映客觀實際)。其次,排污權管理者將指標體系和柔性權重向排污方公開,排污方依據指標體系和自身指標值,在柔性約束下選擇最能突顯自身優勢的權重對自身和其它排污方進行評價。最后,排污權管理者公平集結各排污方的“自評”和“它評”結果,計算各排污方的綜合評價值,并以綜合評價值作為排污權分配比例決策的依據。
4 小 結
總量控制下,基于排污權交易市場不完善要求排污權分配尊重排污現狀的客觀實際,構建了相應的競爭性混合決策模型,該模型有以下優點:
(1)排污管理者只需給出排污權分配影響因素的柔性權重而非精確權重,更符合客觀實際。
(2)模擬了排污權管理者將部分決策權“下放”給排污方,使排污方以“自評”和“它評”的形式充分凸顯其個體合理要求的決策過程,排污權分配結果更易被排污方認同和接受。
(編輯:劉呈慶)
參考文獻(References)
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[2]Rose A,Stevens B. The Efficiency and Equity of Marketable Permits for CO2 Emission[J]. Resources and Energy Economics,1993,(15): 117-146.
[3]Hung M F,Shaw D. A Tradingratio System for Trading Water Pollution Discharge Permits[J]. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,2005,49(1): 83- l02.
[4]吳丹.基于雙層診斷優化的流域初始排污權交互式分配[J].軟科學,2013,27(4):71-75.[ Wu Dan. The Interactive Allocation of Initial Water Pollutant Emissions Rights Based on the Bilevel Diagnosis and Optimization in Basin[J]. Soft Science, 2013, 27(4):71-75.]
[5]Lee C S, Chang S P. Interactive Fuzzy Optimization for an Economic and Environmental Balance in a River System [J]. Water Research, 2005, 39(1): 221-231.
[6]陳龍,李壽德. 流域初始排污權分配的AHP法及其應用研究[J]. 上海管理科學,2011,33(5):109-112.[ Chen Long ,Li Shoude. Research on the Allocation Method of Watershed Emission Permits Based on AHP[J]. Shanghai Management Science,2011,33(5):109-112.]
[7]李如忠,汪家權,錢家忠. 區域水污染負荷分配的 DelphiAHP法[J].哈爾濱工業大學學報,2005,37(1): 84-88.[Li Ruzhong,Wang Jiaquan,Qian Jiazhong. DelphiAHP Method for Allocation of Waste Loads in a Region[J]. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology,2005,37(1): 84-88.]
[8]張興榆,黃賢金,于術桐,等.沙潁河流域行政單元的排污權初始分配研究[J].環境科學與管理,2009,34(3): 16-21.[Initial Allocation of Emission Permits in the Condition of Administration CellA Case Study of Shaying River Basin [J].Environmental Science and Management,2009,34(3): 16-21.]
[9]李壽德,黃桐城.初始排污權分配的一個多目標決策模型[J].中國管理科學,2003,11(6):40-44.[Li Shoude, Huang Tongcheng. A MultiObjectives Decision Model of Initial Emission Permits Allocation[J] .Chinese Journal of Management Science,2003,11(6):40-44.]
[10]李如忠,舒琨.基于Vague集的水污染負荷分配方法[J].水利學報,2011,42(2):127-135. [Li Ruzhong,Shukun. Allocation Method of Water Waste Loads Based on Vague Sets[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2011,42(2):127-135.]
[11]Wang Zongzhi,Zhang Lingling,Jin Juliang. Accelerating Genetic Algorithm Based on SeriesShuntWound Structure[C]//Proceedings of First International Conference of Modeling and Simulation (Volume II): Mathematical Modeling. Liverpool L13 4AH,England,UK: World Academic Press,2008:149 -154.
[12]完善,李壽德,馬琳杰. 流域初始排污權分配方式[J]. 系統管理學報,2013,22(2):278-281. [Wan SHan, Li SHoude,Ma Linjie.The Initial Allocation of Emission Permits in River Basins[J]. Journal of Systems & Management. 2013,22(2):278-281.]
[13]王宗志,胡四一,王銀堂. 基于水量與水質的流域初始二維水權分配模型[J]. 水利學報,2010,41(5):524-530. [Wang Zongzhi,Hu Siyi, Wang Yintang.Initial Twodimensional Water Right Allocation Modeling Based on Water Quantity and Water Quality in the River Basin[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineeing,2010,41(5):524-530.]
[14]趙文會,高巖,戴天晟.初始排污權分配的優化模型[J].系統工程,2007,25(6): 57-61. [Zhao Wenhui, Gao Yan, Dao Tianmao. An Optimization Model of Initial Emission Permits Distribution[J]. Systems Engineering,2007, 25(6): 57-61.]
[15]廣東省水利電力勘測設計研究院.廣東省北江流域綜合規劃報告[R].2004. [Guangdong Design and Research Institute of Water Conservancy and Electric Power Survey. Integrated River Basin Planning Report of Guangdong Beijiang River Basin[R].2004.]
[16]Bryson N , Mobolurin A. An Action Learning Evaluation Procedure for Multiple Criteria Decision Making Problems[J]. European Journal of operational Researeh, 1996, 96(3): 379-386.
[17]邱菀華.管理決策與應用熵學[M].北京:機械工業出版社,2003. [Qiu Wanhua. Management Decision and the Application of Entropy [M].Beijing: Machinery Industry Press,2003.]
[2]Rose A,Stevens B. The Efficiency and Equity of Marketable Permits for CO2 Emission[J]. Resources and Energy Economics,1993,(15): 117-146.
[3]Hung M F,Shaw D. A Tradingratio System for Trading Water Pollution Discharge Permits[J]. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,2005,49(1): 83- l02.
[4]吳丹.基于雙層診斷優化的流域初始排污權交互式分配[J].軟科學,2013,27(4):71-75.[ Wu Dan. The Interactive Allocation of Initial Water Pollutant Emissions Rights Based on the Bilevel Diagnosis and Optimization in Basin[J]. Soft Science, 2013, 27(4):71-75.]
[5]Lee C S, Chang S P. Interactive Fuzzy Optimization for an Economic and Environmental Balance in a River System [J]. Water Research, 2005, 39(1): 221-231.
[6]陳龍,李壽德. 流域初始排污權分配的AHP法及其應用研究[J]. 上海管理科學,2011,33(5):109-112.[ Chen Long ,Li Shoude. Research on the Allocation Method of Watershed Emission Permits Based on AHP[J]. Shanghai Management Science,2011,33(5):109-112.]
[7]李如忠,汪家權,錢家忠. 區域水污染負荷分配的 DelphiAHP法[J].哈爾濱工業大學學報,2005,37(1): 84-88.[Li Ruzhong,Wang Jiaquan,Qian Jiazhong. DelphiAHP Method for Allocation of Waste Loads in a Region[J]. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology,2005,37(1): 84-88.]
[8]張興榆,黃賢金,于術桐,等.沙潁河流域行政單元的排污權初始分配研究[J].環境科學與管理,2009,34(3): 16-21.[Initial Allocation of Emission Permits in the Condition of Administration CellA Case Study of Shaying River Basin [J].Environmental Science and Management,2009,34(3): 16-21.]
[9]李壽德,黃桐城.初始排污權分配的一個多目標決策模型[J].中國管理科學,2003,11(6):40-44.[Li Shoude, Huang Tongcheng. A MultiObjectives Decision Model of Initial Emission Permits Allocation[J] .Chinese Journal of Management Science,2003,11(6):40-44.]
[10]李如忠,舒琨.基于Vague集的水污染負荷分配方法[J].水利學報,2011,42(2):127-135. [Li Ruzhong,Shukun. Allocation Method of Water Waste Loads Based on Vague Sets[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2011,42(2):127-135.]
[11]Wang Zongzhi,Zhang Lingling,Jin Juliang. Accelerating Genetic Algorithm Based on SeriesShuntWound Structure[C]//Proceedings of First International Conference of Modeling and Simulation (Volume II): Mathematical Modeling. Liverpool L13 4AH,England,UK: World Academic Press,2008:149 -154.
[12]完善,李壽德,馬琳杰. 流域初始排污權分配方式[J]. 系統管理學報,2013,22(2):278-281. [Wan SHan, Li SHoude,Ma Linjie.The Initial Allocation of Emission Permits in River Basins[J]. Journal of Systems & Management. 2013,22(2):278-281.]
[13]王宗志,胡四一,王銀堂. 基于水量與水質的流域初始二維水權分配模型[J]. 水利學報,2010,41(5):524-530. [Wang Zongzhi,Hu Siyi, Wang Yintang.Initial Twodimensional Water Right Allocation Modeling Based on Water Quantity and Water Quality in the River Basin[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineeing,2010,41(5):524-530.]
[14]趙文會,高巖,戴天晟.初始排污權分配的優化模型[J].系統工程,2007,25(6): 57-61. [Zhao Wenhui, Gao Yan, Dao Tianmao. An Optimization Model of Initial Emission Permits Distribution[J]. Systems Engineering,2007, 25(6): 57-61.]
[15]廣東省水利電力勘測設計研究院.廣東省北江流域綜合規劃報告[R].2004. [Guangdong Design and Research Institute of Water Conservancy and Electric Power Survey. Integrated River Basin Planning Report of Guangdong Beijiang River Basin[R].2004.]
[16]Bryson N , Mobolurin A. An Action Learning Evaluation Procedure for Multiple Criteria Decision Making Problems[J]. European Journal of operational Researeh, 1996, 96(3): 379-386.
[17]邱菀華.管理決策與應用熵學[M].北京:機械工業出版社,2003. [Qiu Wanhua. Management Decision and the Application of Entropy [M].Beijing: Machinery Industry Press,2003.]