唐麗靜 王冬艷 王霖琳
摘要 城鄉建設用地增減掛鉤項目實施過程中涉及村莊合并,農村居民點合理布局的前提是保證村民有足夠的田間作業時間,因此合理耕作半徑的確定是城鄉建設用地增減掛鉤項目實施首先需要解決的問題之一。本文在綜合考慮影響耕作半徑的自然、社會、經濟及土地利用因素的基礎上,分析了影響因素與耕作半徑之間的作用機制,確定了耕作半徑的決定性因素。以沂源縣魯村鎮增減掛鉤項目區為研究對象,對其合理耕作半徑進行測算,結果表明,該研究區合理耕作半徑為3.2 km,即與建新村距離3.2 km以內耕地所涉及的村莊可以作為拆舊村莊向建新村合并?,F階段,非人力出行方式及機械化農用工具使用比重在研究區較低,提高高速度交通工具使用比例和廣泛應用機械化農用工具是緩解耕作半徑限制的重要途徑。
關鍵詞 耕作半徑;影響因素;模型;城鄉建設用地增減掛鉤
中圖分類號 F301文獻標識碼 A 文章編號 1002-2104(2014)06-0059-06 doi:103969/jissn1002-2104201406009
為推進農村建設用地整理,促進土地節約集約利用,我國推行城鄉建設用地增減掛鉤政策。增減掛鉤項目實施涉及村莊合并,項目實施前需對項目區內農村居民點分布進行科學規劃。從增減掛鉤項目實施情況來看[1-2],農村居民點布局的隨意性會對村民耕作造成不便。為保證村民有足夠的田間作業時間,農村居民點與耕作地塊之間的距離需合理,農村居民點與耕作地塊的關系反映在耕作半徑上[3-18]。結合目前農村居民點布局相關研究,國外學者著重分析農村居民點分布的合理性[19-20],國內研究大部分集中在農村居民點分布特征,農村居民點整理模式、潛力估算及布局優化等方面[21-31],這些研究大多側重于定性分析,結合城鄉建設用地增減掛鉤政策并且以耕作半徑為依托對項目區農村居民點進行合理布局的定量研究較少。耕作半徑是影響農村居民點布局的重要因素之一[32-37],合理耕作半徑的確定成為農村居民點布局是否合理的關鍵,因此有必要對合理耕作半徑的確定方法進行系統研究。總結耕作半徑的研究進展,以時間半徑代替耕作半徑或以緩沖區半徑代替耕作半徑的方法較多,也有學者試圖建立耕作半徑模型[32]。本文在前人研究基礎上構建了耕作半徑模型,用以確定耕作半徑合理范圍,一方面為同類研究提供案例,同時以期為增減掛鉤項目區農村居民點布局合理化提供依據。
1 耕作半徑影響因素分析
影響耕作半徑的因素很多,從目前國內外耕作半徑的研究成果[3-8,33-34]上來看,主要有四個方面,即自然因素、社會因素、經濟因素、土地利用因素。
自然因素中主要是地形地貌,即不同的地形地貌類型對農業耕作半徑的約束不同。如在平原地區,地勢平坦,村民耕作出行較為方便,對耕作半徑的約束性較丘陵、山區小。
社會因素中主要是村民生活方式和勞動力。村民生活方式經歷史積淀已形成一定規律性,耕作作息時間與耕作半徑息息相關。勞動力數量多,人均耕地面積減少,勞動力素質提高,能充分發揮勞動力作用,有利于提高田間作業效率,減少田間作業時間,擴大耕作半徑。同時,道路硬化率增加,提高出行便利度,釋放耕作半徑。
影響耕作半徑的經濟因素,則主要有農作物種植類型、交通工具的優劣和農用工具機械化水平。農作物種植類型是農業經濟結構中的一部分,不同類型的農作物所需的農業活動方式不同。從深翻土地、播種、管理到收獲,蔬菜作物需要精耕細作,田間作業時間較長,其次依次為果類、糧食作物、經濟作物。以蔬菜作物為主的地區,耕作半徑小,以經濟作物為主的地區,耕作半徑會增加。同時,農民出行主要是步行或者使用拖拉機、自行車、摩托車等,高速度交通工具比例高,縮短路途時間;農用工具機械化水平高,田間作業效率提高,縮短田間作業時間,耕作半徑就大。
從土地利用的角度出發,耕地規模大,耕作半徑需要適當減小。村民經營耕作地塊間隔遠,耗費時間長,耕作半徑對應減小。
2 案例分析
2.1 研究區基本概況
沂源縣地處魯中山區腹地、泰山東部、沂蒙山區西北部邊緣,山東省淄博市的最南端,東經117°54′-118°31′,北緯35°55′-36°23′,縣域總面積1 735.85 km2,以低山和丘陵為主,占全縣總面積的98.9%,低山坡度30°-45°,丘陵坡度10°-20°。農用地利用以果業為主,其次為蔬菜作物、糧食作物。全縣農業勞動力約27.3萬人,男女比例1∶1.5,耕地總面積37 724.67 hm2,人均耕地面積0.138 hm2。近年來,沂源縣采取“合作社+基地+農戶”經營模式,扶持發展龍頭產業,年增產值2 800萬元,帶動農戶3萬戶,實現增收3 600萬元。本次研究對象為沂源縣魯村鎮增減掛鉤項目,項目區總面積5 781.1 hm2,其中耕地面積1 939.01 hm2,項目區總人口數約2.09萬人,項目實施周期為3年。
2.2 數據來源
本文數據來源包括2012年1∶5萬土地利用現狀圖,沂源縣統計年鑒(2012)和實地調查數據。實地調查采用實地走訪與發放問卷相結合的方式,發放問卷1 000份,收回問卷957份,其中有效問卷871份。問卷調查表見表2。
3 結論與政策啟示
本文通過上述研究,得到以下幾方面的認識:
(1)耕作半徑主要受自然、經濟、社會以及土地利用等四個方面因素的影響,自然因素主要受地形地貌的影響;社會因素則與村民生活方式和勞動力有關;經濟因素主要包含農作物類型、交通工具的優劣及農用工具機械化水平三個方面;在土地利用方面耕作半徑則受耕地利用規模及村民經營地塊間距離等因素的影響。影響耕作半徑的決定性因素為交通工具的優劣及農用工具機械化水平。
(2)耕作半徑主要表現為距離,即時間與出行速度最終決定耕作半徑的大小,因此將影響因素歸并為時間因子和速度因子,構建耕作半徑計算模型,量化耕作半徑的大小。
(3)現階段,沂源縣魯村鎮增減掛鉤項目區合理耕作半徑上限為3.2 km,即項目區內與建新區距離3.2 km以
內耕地所涉及的村莊可以作為拆舊村莊將居民點合并到建新村統一建設居住。
(4)城鄉建設用地增減掛鉤項目的實施要以農民利益為前提,保證土地產出首先要保證足夠的田間作業時間。沂源縣地處山區,自然條件在一定程度上給村民耕作出行造成局限性,因此提高高速度交通工具使用比例和廣泛應用機械化農用工具是緩解耕作半徑限制的重要途徑。目前,非人力出行方式及機械化農用工具使用比重在研究區較低,加大農村基礎設施資金投入改善農村交通等基礎設施條件,加快土地流轉,提高土地規模化經營水平是促進城鄉建設用地增減掛鉤政策順利實施的有效方法。
(編輯:徐天祥)
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Abstract In order to promote the rural construction land consolidation and promote land saving and intensive use, the urban and rural construction land projects are carried on in China. The merger of villages is involved in the urban and rural construction land projects process. Problems appeared during the implementation process, and the choice of resettlements is one of the problems. In order to ensure the enough field operating time, the distance between the resettlements and tillage plots should be reasonable. The premise of the rational distribution of rural settlements is ensuring the enough field operation time, so reasonable fanning radius is the key for whether the site selection is reasonable and whether the project can be executed. On the basis of previous studies, a systematic study about farming radius is made in this paper. The influencing factors of farming radius are considered. 11 factors are selected, from four aspects of nature, society, economy and land use, and the mechanism of action between the influencing factors and farming radius is studied. In order to determine the affecting factors of the farming radius, the Delphi technique and AHP method are used. By analyzing the result, the decisive factors of the fanning radius are determined. We studied the reasonable farming radius in Lucun Town of Yiyuan County in Shandong Province in this paper. We use farming radius general calculation model to calculate the reasonable farming radius. In order to make the result more accurate, a large number of investigations are made in the study area. Substituting the survey data into the model, we find that the reasonable fanning radius is 3.2 km. This result means all the rural villages which the distances from their farmland to the new center village were no more than 3.2 km can be amalgamated to the center village. At this stage,the ratio of nonhuman way to travel and mechanization agricultural tools are low in the study area.Improving the ratio of high speed transportation and widely using mechanization agricultural tools are important ways to ease the limit of farming radius.
Key words farming radius; influencing factors; computation model; the couple project of urbanrural construction land
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[35]姜廣輝,張鳳榮,秦靜,等.北京山區農村居民點分布變化及其與環境的關系[J].農業工程學報,2006,22(11):85-92.
[36]陳榮清,張鳳榮,孟媛,等.農村居民點整理的現實潛力估算[J].農業工程學報,2009,25(4):216-221.
[37]姜廣輝,張鳳榮,陳軍偉,等.基于Logistic回歸模型的北京山區農村居民點變化的驅動力分析[J].農業工程學報,2007,23(5):81-87.
Abstract In order to promote the rural construction land consolidation and promote land saving and intensive use, the urban and rural construction land projects are carried on in China. The merger of villages is involved in the urban and rural construction land projects process. Problems appeared during the implementation process, and the choice of resettlements is one of the problems. In order to ensure the enough field operating time, the distance between the resettlements and tillage plots should be reasonable. The premise of the rational distribution of rural settlements is ensuring the enough field operation time, so reasonable fanning radius is the key for whether the site selection is reasonable and whether the project can be executed. On the basis of previous studies, a systematic study about farming radius is made in this paper. The influencing factors of farming radius are considered. 11 factors are selected, from four aspects of nature, society, economy and land use, and the mechanism of action between the influencing factors and farming radius is studied. In order to determine the affecting factors of the farming radius, the Delphi technique and AHP method are used. By analyzing the result, the decisive factors of the fanning radius are determined. We studied the reasonable farming radius in Lucun Town of Yiyuan County in Shandong Province in this paper. We use farming radius general calculation model to calculate the reasonable farming radius. In order to make the result more accurate, a large number of investigations are made in the study area. Substituting the survey data into the model, we find that the reasonable fanning radius is 3.2 km. This result means all the rural villages which the distances from their farmland to the new center village were no more than 3.2 km can be amalgamated to the center village. At this stage,the ratio of nonhuman way to travel and mechanization agricultural tools are low in the study area.Improving the ratio of high speed transportation and widely using mechanization agricultural tools are important ways to ease the limit of farming radius.
Key words farming radius; influencing factors; computation model; the couple project of urbanrural construction land
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[31]楊慶媛,田永中,王朝科,等.西南丘陵山地區農村居民點土地整理模式:以重慶渝北地區為例[J].地理研究,2004,23(4):469-478.
[32]陶冶,葛幼松,尹凌,等.基于GIS的農村居民點撤并可行性研究[J].河南科學,2006,24(5):771-775.
[33]吳九興.平原地區中心村選擇的理論與實證研究:以孝感市孝南區為例[D].武漢:華中農業大學土地管理學院,2009.
[34]角媛梅,肖篤寧,馬明國.綠洲景觀中居民地空間分布特征及其影響因子分析[J].生態學報,2003,23(10):2092-2099.
[35]姜廣輝,張鳳榮,秦靜,等.北京山區農村居民點分布變化及其與環境的關系[J].農業工程學報,2006,22(11):85-92.
[36]陳榮清,張鳳榮,孟媛,等.農村居民點整理的現實潛力估算[J].農業工程學報,2009,25(4):216-221.
[37]姜廣輝,張鳳榮,陳軍偉,等.基于Logistic回歸模型的北京山區農村居民點變化的驅動力分析[J].農業工程學報,2007,23(5):81-87.
Abstract In order to promote the rural construction land consolidation and promote land saving and intensive use, the urban and rural construction land projects are carried on in China. The merger of villages is involved in the urban and rural construction land projects process. Problems appeared during the implementation process, and the choice of resettlements is one of the problems. In order to ensure the enough field operating time, the distance between the resettlements and tillage plots should be reasonable. The premise of the rational distribution of rural settlements is ensuring the enough field operation time, so reasonable fanning radius is the key for whether the site selection is reasonable and whether the project can be executed. On the basis of previous studies, a systematic study about farming radius is made in this paper. The influencing factors of farming radius are considered. 11 factors are selected, from four aspects of nature, society, economy and land use, and the mechanism of action between the influencing factors and farming radius is studied. In order to determine the affecting factors of the farming radius, the Delphi technique and AHP method are used. By analyzing the result, the decisive factors of the fanning radius are determined. We studied the reasonable farming radius in Lucun Town of Yiyuan County in Shandong Province in this paper. We use farming radius general calculation model to calculate the reasonable farming radius. In order to make the result more accurate, a large number of investigations are made in the study area. Substituting the survey data into the model, we find that the reasonable fanning radius is 3.2 km. This result means all the rural villages which the distances from their farmland to the new center village were no more than 3.2 km can be amalgamated to the center village. At this stage,the ratio of nonhuman way to travel and mechanization agricultural tools are low in the study area.Improving the ratio of high speed transportation and widely using mechanization agricultural tools are important ways to ease the limit of farming radius.
Key words farming radius; influencing factors; computation model; the couple project of urbanrural construction land