胡翠 趙孝文 鮑峻峻 丁浩 徐張巍 劉曉昌 梅俏 許建明
內鏡逆行胰膽管造影術(ERCP)最常見和最嚴重的并發癥是術后胰腺炎(post-ERCP pancreatitis,PEP),發生率為1%~10%[1-2],高危患者發生率可達30%[3-5]。因此,預防PEP是臨床研究的熱點問題。研究表明,非甾體類抗炎藥(NSAIDs)具有預防PEP的臨床療效[6]。Elmunzer等[7]和Dai等[8]的薈萃分析亦證實NSAIDs能降低PEP發生率。NSAIDs是通過促進NSAID激活基因(NSAID activated gene,NAG-1)的表達發揮抗炎作用。近年有研究證實,雙氯芬酸鈉同樣具有預防PEP發生的作用[9]。本研究應用雙氯芬酸鈉防治PEP,觀察患者血清NAG-1水平的變化,探討其作用機制。
1.研究對象:收集2012年9月至2013年10月安徽醫科大學第一附屬醫院消化內科行ERCP治療的住院患者。入選標準:年齡>18歲,未合并心、肺、肝、腎疾病及凝血功能障礙,無NSAIDs藥物禁忌證,術前未使用NSAIDs,術前影像學及血清學證實未合并胰腺炎。試驗經醫院倫理委員會批準,入選病例術前均簽署知情同意書。按完全隨機法分為雙氯芬酸鈉組和對照組,ERCP術后按常規處理,雙氯芬酸鈉組術后立即肌內注射奧爾芬(含雙氯芬酸鈉75 mg)1支。
2.PEP診斷標準:ERCP術后有新出現或者加重的腹痛,術后24 h血淀粉酶升高至少3倍,可診斷為PEP,單純淀粉酶升高患者則為高淀粉酶血癥。
3.血清淀粉酶活性、NAG-1水平檢測:術前及術后3、24 h采集空腹靜脈血2 ml,3 000 r/min離心15 min,分離血漿,置-80℃冰箱內保存待測。采用全自動生化檢測儀測定血清淀粉酶活性,采用ELISA法檢測血清NAG-1水平。

1.一般情況:共納入120例患者,其中男性56例,女性64例,年齡21~80歲,平均57歲。雙氯芬酸鈉組和對照組各60例,兩組患者在年齡、性別、吸煙史、飲酒史和病因方面具有可比性。
2.兩組患者術前、術后血清淀粉酶活性的變化及PEP發生率:兩組患者術前淀粉酶活性差異無統計學意義,術后3、24 h,雙氯芬酸鈉組患者血清淀粉酶活性均顯著低于同時間點對照組(t值分別為2.06、2.03,P值均<0.05,表1)。兩組患者共16例(13.3%)發生PEP,其中雙氯芬酸鈉組4例(6.7%),對照組12例(20.0%),兩組PEP發生率的差異有統計學意義(χ2=4.62,P=0.03)。

表1 兩組患者ERCP術前、術后淀粉酶活性的比較
3.兩組患者術前、術后血清NAG-1水平的變化:對照組患者術前、術后血清NAG-1水平無顯著變化。雙氯芬酸鈉組患者術前血清NAG-1水平與對照組的差異無統計學意義;術后3 h的NAG-1水平較術前顯著升高(F=4.30,P=0.04),也較同時間點對照組顯著升高(t=2.54,P=0.01);術后24 h的NAG-1水平較術后3 h時顯著下降(P=0.00),且恢復到術前水平(P=0.54。表2)。

表2 兩組患者ERCP術前、術后血清NAG-1水平的變化
討論PEP是ERCP術后最常見和最嚴重的并發癥之一,如何預防PEP成為臨床難題。國內外對防治PEP的藥物[1]進行了大量研究,如奧曲肽[10]、別嘌呤醇[11]、肝素[12]等。研究證實,NSAIDs可以預防PEP的發生[6]。NSAIDs預防PEP的機制尚不完全清楚,可能是通過抑制前列腺素的合成和阻斷胰腺炎的炎癥級聯反應來預防PEP的發生[13]。M?kel?等[14]研究發現,NSAIDs可抑制重癥急性胰腺炎患者血清PLA2活性及中性粒細胞/內皮細胞的黏附。Simon等[15]研究表明,NSAIDs可通過抑制中性粒細胞活化,減輕PEP的炎癥程度。
Senol等[16]研究發現,ERCP術后立即肌內注射75 mg雙氯酚酸鈉,PEP發生率及術后4、8、24 h血淀粉酶值與對照組相比無顯著差別,但對未合并Oddi括約肌功能障礙的患者,雙氯酚酸鈉可顯著降低其PEP發生率。Murray等[17]研究表明,ERCP術后立即直腸給予雙氯芬酸,PEP發生率顯著降低(6.36%比15.5%)。本研究結果顯示,給予雙氯芬酸鈉的患者術后血淀粉酶活性顯著下降,PEP的發生率也顯著下降,提示ERCP術后立即注射雙氯芬酸鈉可以預防PEP的發生。
NAG-1是TGF-β超家族的重要成員之一,是從吲哚美辛處理的結腸癌細胞中通過PCR消減雜交技術獲取,可通過抑制環氧化物酶途徑抑制結腸腫瘤的進展。NAG-1在炎癥發生過程中表達增加[18],可以降低脂多糖引起的炎癥反應[19],同時,通過降低巨噬細胞TNF-α的分泌水平,發揮顯著抗炎作用[20]。NSAIDs對NAG-1的表達具有重要影響[21-22]。
本研究結果顯示,雙氯芬酸鈉組術后血清NAG-1水平顯著高于對照組,表明雙氯芬酸鈉可通過誘導NAG-1的表達,從而減輕炎癥反應。
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