王寒++申琦
摘要:消費者對于延伸產品的評價與其感知契合度之間存在兩種關系:一種是兩者呈線性正相關,另一種是兩者呈倒U型關系,即相對于高契合度延伸產品,消費者對于中等契合度延伸產品的評價更高。消費者涉入度與品牌概念類型都是影響其對品牌延伸產品評價的因素。高涉入度是兩者倒U型關系出現的條件,在高涉入度情境下,消費者對于聲望型品牌延伸產品的評價與其感知契合度之間呈現倒U型關系,而對于功能型品牌延伸產品的評價仍主要依據其感知契合度的高低,兩者之間始終呈線性正相關關系。
關鍵詞:涉入度;品牌概念類型;品牌延伸;感知契合度
中圖分類號:F2723文獻標識碼:A
文章編號:1000176X(2014)07012405
隨著我國經濟的發展,在擴大市場份額的策略中,品牌延伸成為企業為其新產品進入市場常常采用的品牌戰略。Volckner和Scattler研究發現在所有影響延伸成功的因素之中,契合度對延伸產品是否能夠延伸成功影響最大,且兩者呈現正相關關系[1],這一結論也得到了品牌延伸研究領域廣泛認可,但是也有部分學者對于這種契合假設始終質疑。一些研究發現,相比于極高或極低契合度的延伸產品,消費者會更加喜愛與母品牌適度契合的延伸產品,即消費者對于延伸產品的評價與契合度之間會呈現倒U型曲線關系。這是兩種同時存在的現象,那么在何種情境下,對于何種品牌,消費者對于延伸產品的評價會呈現倒U型曲線,這是值得我們深入研究的問題。
一、文獻綜述
在品牌延伸評價中,延伸產品與母品牌之間的契合度一直都扮演著重要的角色。Tauber認為契合度是消費者對延伸產品的認知與原品牌的一致性或相似性程度[2]。Aaker和Keller提出感知契合度,即消費者認為延伸產品與原品牌間相容的程度[3]。
在前人的研究中,大部分學者證實了品牌延伸契合度與品牌延伸評價間的直接作用關系。Aaker和Keller發現,母品牌和品牌延伸間的契合度低,不但會妨礙正面聯想的轉移,而且會刺激負面信念或負面聯想的滋生,因此延伸后消費者的接受度降低。在品牌延伸的情境下,消費者會將對母品牌的情感轉移到延伸品牌的程度取決于延伸品牌與母品牌的契合程度[3]。如果延伸品牌與原品牌的契合度高,則可以降低消費者的知覺風險,消費者對母品牌的好感會直接通過刺激泛化的方式遷移到延伸產品上,他們就會比較愿意嘗試延伸品牌的產品[4]。
但隨著對于消費者評價延伸產品時延伸產品與自身認知圖示一致性效應的研究進展,發現消費者傾向于對與母品牌適度不一致的延伸產品做出更好的評價。之后在關于消費者行為研究領域,也有許多研究驗證了這一現象。Boush和Loken的研究發現,延伸產品和原品牌之間的匹配性,與延伸評價反應時間之間存在一種倒U關系,即越匹配或越不匹配的延伸較中等匹配的延伸評價時間越短。對中等匹配的延伸,消費者越傾向于采用“逐步式”而非“整體式”評價方法,反應時間更長[5]。Meyers等的研究結果顯示適度不相似品牌延伸比相似和極度不相似的品牌延伸對評估更有利[6]。
Lane研究了廣告重復性與廣告內容對消費者知覺不相似延伸的影響。在適度不一致延伸下,重復性廣告不但可以引出周圍的品牌聯想與利益的品牌聯想,而且消費者對延伸評估會有改善[7]。 Bhat和Reddy的研究甚至否定了延伸產品與母品牌產品之間的相似性對延伸評估的顯著影響[8]。Maoz和Tybout對消費者涉入度和品牌差異性在品牌延伸評價中的調節作用進行了研究,發現消費者涉入度對感知契合度與延伸評價之間關系起調節作用,發現存在延伸產品相似性低,消費者卻對延伸評價較高的現象[9]。Kwon和Leslie對消費者涉入度和創新性在感知契合度和品牌延伸評價關系中的調節作用進行了研究,發現在高涉入情境下,創新性的消費者對中等契合的延伸產品評價要優于其對高契合與低契合的延伸產品的評價,結果呈現倒U形曲線。而在低涉入度情境下,消費者對延伸產品的評價與感知契合度呈正相關[10]。
二、研究假設的提出
綜合以往的研究可以看出,前人關于感知契合度與消費者品牌延伸評價的研究存在兩種結論:一種是消費者對延伸產品的感知契合度與延伸評價正相關,即感知契合度越高,延伸評價越好;另一種則是,有悖于正相關結論的研究結果,即消費者對延伸產品的感知契合度與延伸評價呈倒U型關系,也就是說,消費者對于中等契合度延伸產品的評價要優于其對高契合度與低契合度延伸產品的評價。
這是兩種同時存在的現象,而能將這兩種現象整合起來的最好方法就是找出每種現象出現的條件。對于感知契合度與延伸評價正相關現象,它的作用機制是消費者將對于母品牌的積極情感轉移到延伸產品上,這種情感轉移機制,即指消費者對于產品信息進行邊緣加工,消費者更傾向于根據易得的信息來評價延伸產品,比如延伸產品的名稱,與母品牌相似性等。因此,在消費者低涉入或產品信息匱乏時,我們可以觀察到消費者對延伸產品的感知契合度與延伸評價之間的正相關現象。
而對于感知契合度與品牌延伸評價悖論的研究,首先應當考慮的就是消費者對于延伸產品的深度加工,即消費者的涉入程度,消費者涉入度是指個人認知該產品與其內在需要、興趣和價值觀的攸關程度。消費者涉入度會影響其對信息加工模式的選擇。高涉入度下,消費者傾向于選擇中心路徑處理延伸產品信息,因而其會對與母品牌適度不一致的延伸產品信息進行深度加工,以使其與消費者對于母品牌的原有認知圖示達到平衡。而低涉入度下,消費者則傾向于選擇邊緣路徑處理延伸產品信息,即主要依靠產品相似性進行延伸評價。已有研究證明消費者在高涉入度下,會出現契合度與延伸評價的倒U型曲線。因此,本文主要研究目的在于探討消費者在不同涉入度情況下,品牌概念類型對于延伸產品評價的影響。功能導向的品牌擁有與產品功能屬性相關的特質,而聲譽導向的品牌則被視為是自我概念或自我形象的表達。已有研究也表明,功能型品牌主要激發消費者對于品牌可靠度的聯想,而品牌意圖則對應品牌聲望方面的聯想。endprint
三、實驗方法
1實驗設計與被試
本實驗采用2(品牌概念類型:聲望型品牌/功能型品牌)* 2(涉入度水平:高/低)* 3(感知契合度:高/中/低)的實驗設計。其中,消費者涉入度為組間變量,品牌概念類型與感知契合度為組內變量。
2實驗過程
(1)前測。
四、結果分析
對于聲望型品牌,被試在不同涉入度下,對不同感知契合度的延伸產品評價的數據進行多因素方差分析與T檢驗,結果顯示涉入度主效應顯著(F=4295,p<001),感知契合度主效應顯著(F=5810,p<001),且兩者交互作用顯著(F=1298,p<001)。在高涉入度情境下,被試對于中等契合的延伸產品評價顯著高于其對極高或極低契合度的延伸產品評價;在低涉入度情境下,被試對于延伸產品的評價隨其感知契合度升高而升高,且不同感知契合度下延伸產品評價差異顯著(見表1和表2所示)。
五、討論和總結
以往對于感知契合度對消費者延伸評價的影響的研究已有很多,發現了很多中介因素會對兩者的關系產生影響,比如消費者的情緒卷入、消費者的人際偏好和對新產品的偏好等,其中研究表明消費者在高涉入度情況下,其對于延伸產品的評價會與其感知契合度形成倒U型曲線。本文在以往研究的基礎上結合了消費者涉入度和品牌概念類型這兩個因素,目的是從消費者角度和品牌角度深入探究感知契合度對于消費者延伸評價的影響。
本文通過實驗測量分析,驗證了對于聲望型品牌的研究假設,部分驗證了對于功能型品牌的研究假設,得到的結論包括:對于聲望型品牌,消費者在高涉入度情境下,對于中等契合度的延伸產品的評價會高于其對極高或極低契合度的延伸產品評價;消費者在低涉入度情境下,對于延伸產品的評價隨其感知契合度升高而升高;對于功能型品牌,消費者在高涉入度與低涉入度情境下,對于延伸產品的評價都隨其感知契合度升高而升高,但其對于高契合度延伸產品的評價不是顯著高于其對中等契合度延伸產品的評價(見圖1和圖2所示)。
圖1聲望型品牌不同契合度延伸產品的評價
圖2功能型品牌不同契合度延伸產品的評價
圖1顯示在高涉入度下,聲望型品牌延伸產品的感知契合度與延伸評價之間呈現倒U型關系。
本實驗中的涉入度主要指由外界因素引發的消費者情境涉入程度,而非反映消費者內在心理特征的因素,由外界情境引發的涉入度會影響消費者對于信息加工模式的選擇。精細加工模型(ELM)提出,個體對于外界信息的加工包含兩種路徑:中心路徑和邊緣路徑,且個體的情境涉入程度會影響其對于信息加工路徑的選擇。在高涉入度下,個體傾向于選擇中心路徑,即傾向于對外界事物的內在本質進行深入加工;在低涉入度下,個體傾向于選擇邊緣路徑,即傾向于依據外界事物的表面特征進行評價。消費者對于中等契合度延伸產品的評價,需要調整其對于延伸產品的認知結構,使之與自身對于母品牌的原有圖示相適應。也就是說,延伸產品感知契合度與延伸評價之間倒U型關系的出現,需要消費者對延伸產品與母品牌之間的適度不一致信息進行深入加工,即需要消費者選擇中心路徑處理外界信息,因此,消費者的高涉入度是感知契合度與延伸評價之間倒U型關系出現的條件。此外,實驗結果表明消費者僅對于聲望型品牌延伸產品的評價與其感知契合度會呈現倒U型關系,這與前人對于延伸產品相似性對延伸評價影響的研究結論相一致,即延伸產品與原產品的類別相似性對于功能型品牌的延伸評價影響更大。由于聲望型品牌以聲譽為導向,當聲望型品牌和延伸產品擁有共同的聲譽取向或者品牌形象時,共享的聲譽取向或者品牌形象成為可以連接母品牌和延伸產品之間的解釋性鏈接,因此,消費者會感受到延伸產品與母品牌之間的契合。并且消費者對于延伸產品的評價,主要依靠其對于延伸產品與母品牌相似性的感知以及兩者之間概念一致性的感知,對于功能型品牌,消費者著重于產品的功能屬性,因此,其評價主要以類別相似性為主,而對于聲望型品牌,消費者則著重于自我概念或自我形象的表達,因此,其評價主要依靠延伸產品與母品牌之間的概念一致性。所以,對于聲望型品牌,消費者對于其延伸產品的類別感知對其延伸評價的影響要小于功能型品牌。
基于以上結論,可以看出在大多數情況下,相對于契合度較低的延伸產品來說,一致性或相似性高的延伸產品還是更受消費者歡迎的。但若企業要推出與母品牌不一致的延伸產品時,營銷人員需要考慮三方面內容:首先,將要推出延伸產品的母品牌進行概念劃分,明確其屬于功能型品牌還是聲望型品牌;其次,延伸產品與母品牌之間不一致程度要在一定的范圍之內,不能過于極端;最后,對于延伸產品的營銷宣傳應注重情境因素,提高消費者的情境涉入程度,這有利于消費者對于延伸產品的深入加工。
參考文獻:
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[2]Tauber,EMBrand Leverage:Strategy for Growth in a Cost-Controlled World[J]Journal of Advertising Research,1988,28(8):26-30
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[5]Boush,DM,Loken,BA Process-Tracing Study of Brand Extension Evaluation[J]Journal of Marketing Research,1991,34(2):16-28
[6]Meyers,T,Levy,J,Tybout,AMSchema Congruity as a Basis for Product Evaluation[J]Journal of Consumer Research,1989,16(1):39-54
[7]Lane,VRThe Impact of an Repetition and an Content on Consumer Perceptions of Incongruent Extensions[J]Journal of Marketing,2000,64(2):80-91
[8]Bhat, S,Reddy,SThe Impact of Parent Brand Attribute Associations and Affect on Brand Extension Evaluation[J]Journal of Business Research,2001,53(3):111-122
[9]Maoz,E,Tybout,AMThe Moderating Role of Involvement and Differentiation in the Evaluation of Brand Extensions[J]Journal of Consumer Psychology,2002,12(2):119-131
[10]Kwon, J,Leslie,TSearching for Boundary Conditions for Successful Brand Extensions[J]Journal of Product & Brand Management,2010,19(4):276-285
The Paradox of Consumers Perceived Fit and Extension Evaluation:
The Moderating Role of Involvement and Brand Concept Type
WANG Han 1,SHEN Qi2
(1Institute of Psychology,Tianjin University,Tianjin 300072,China; 2School of Education,Tianjin University,Tianjin 300072,China)
Abstract:
There are two kinds of relationships between consumers evaluations to the extend products and their perceived fitOne is linear positive correlation,the other is inverted U-shaped,which means the extensions with moderate level of perceived fit to parent brand were evaluated more favorably for consumers than the extensions with a high perceived fitBoth consumer involvement and brand concept type are the influenced factors on the consumers evaluation to brand extensionConditions of appearing the relationship of inverted U-shaped is high involvement,when consumers are under high involvement situation,the relationship between the extension evaluation of the prestige brand and the perceived fit is inverted U-shapedWhile for the functional brand,the extension evaluation is still mainly based on the perceived fit,the two of them always shows a positive linear correlation
Key Words:involvement; brand concept type; brand extension; perceived fit
(責任編輯:楊全山)endprint
[5]Boush,DM,Loken,BA Process-Tracing Study of Brand Extension Evaluation[J]Journal of Marketing Research,1991,34(2):16-28
[6]Meyers,T,Levy,J,Tybout,AMSchema Congruity as a Basis for Product Evaluation[J]Journal of Consumer Research,1989,16(1):39-54
[7]Lane,VRThe Impact of an Repetition and an Content on Consumer Perceptions of Incongruent Extensions[J]Journal of Marketing,2000,64(2):80-91
[8]Bhat, S,Reddy,SThe Impact of Parent Brand Attribute Associations and Affect on Brand Extension Evaluation[J]Journal of Business Research,2001,53(3):111-122
[9]Maoz,E,Tybout,AMThe Moderating Role of Involvement and Differentiation in the Evaluation of Brand Extensions[J]Journal of Consumer Psychology,2002,12(2):119-131
[10]Kwon, J,Leslie,TSearching for Boundary Conditions for Successful Brand Extensions[J]Journal of Product & Brand Management,2010,19(4):276-285
The Paradox of Consumers Perceived Fit and Extension Evaluation:
The Moderating Role of Involvement and Brand Concept Type
WANG Han 1,SHEN Qi2
(1Institute of Psychology,Tianjin University,Tianjin 300072,China; 2School of Education,Tianjin University,Tianjin 300072,China)
Abstract:
There are two kinds of relationships between consumers evaluations to the extend products and their perceived fitOne is linear positive correlation,the other is inverted U-shaped,which means the extensions with moderate level of perceived fit to parent brand were evaluated more favorably for consumers than the extensions with a high perceived fitBoth consumer involvement and brand concept type are the influenced factors on the consumers evaluation to brand extensionConditions of appearing the relationship of inverted U-shaped is high involvement,when consumers are under high involvement situation,the relationship between the extension evaluation of the prestige brand and the perceived fit is inverted U-shapedWhile for the functional brand,the extension evaluation is still mainly based on the perceived fit,the two of them always shows a positive linear correlation
Key Words:involvement; brand concept type; brand extension; perceived fit
(責任編輯:楊全山)endprint
[5]Boush,DM,Loken,BA Process-Tracing Study of Brand Extension Evaluation[J]Journal of Marketing Research,1991,34(2):16-28
[6]Meyers,T,Levy,J,Tybout,AMSchema Congruity as a Basis for Product Evaluation[J]Journal of Consumer Research,1989,16(1):39-54
[7]Lane,VRThe Impact of an Repetition and an Content on Consumer Perceptions of Incongruent Extensions[J]Journal of Marketing,2000,64(2):80-91
[8]Bhat, S,Reddy,SThe Impact of Parent Brand Attribute Associations and Affect on Brand Extension Evaluation[J]Journal of Business Research,2001,53(3):111-122
[9]Maoz,E,Tybout,AMThe Moderating Role of Involvement and Differentiation in the Evaluation of Brand Extensions[J]Journal of Consumer Psychology,2002,12(2):119-131
[10]Kwon, J,Leslie,TSearching for Boundary Conditions for Successful Brand Extensions[J]Journal of Product & Brand Management,2010,19(4):276-285
The Paradox of Consumers Perceived Fit and Extension Evaluation:
The Moderating Role of Involvement and Brand Concept Type
WANG Han 1,SHEN Qi2
(1Institute of Psychology,Tianjin University,Tianjin 300072,China; 2School of Education,Tianjin University,Tianjin 300072,China)
Abstract:
There are two kinds of relationships between consumers evaluations to the extend products and their perceived fitOne is linear positive correlation,the other is inverted U-shaped,which means the extensions with moderate level of perceived fit to parent brand were evaluated more favorably for consumers than the extensions with a high perceived fitBoth consumer involvement and brand concept type are the influenced factors on the consumers evaluation to brand extensionConditions of appearing the relationship of inverted U-shaped is high involvement,when consumers are under high involvement situation,the relationship between the extension evaluation of the prestige brand and the perceived fit is inverted U-shapedWhile for the functional brand,the extension evaluation is still mainly based on the perceived fit,the two of them always shows a positive linear correlation
Key Words:involvement; brand concept type; brand extension; perceived fit
(責任編輯:楊全山)endprint