林祖近等
[摘要]目的探討冠心病患者血漿腦鈉肽(BNP)與冠狀動脈病變嚴重程度及心臟變時性的相關性。方法記錄冠心病患者血漿BNP水平及心臟變時性指標,包括rHR和HRR,并記錄冠狀動脈造影(CAG)結果,計算Gensini評分,對比分析無癥狀性心肌缺血、穩定型心絞痛及不穩定型心絞痛3組患者血漿BNP水平及心臟變時性指標差異。評價血漿BNP水平與冠狀動脈病變嚴重程度及心臟變時性指標相關性。結果本研究共納入462例冠心病患者,單因素方差分析結果顯示各組間BNP水平差異均有統計學意義(均P<0.05);無癥狀性心肌缺血與不穩定型心絞痛心臟變時性指標rHR比較差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。Person相關分析顯示,冠心病患者血漿BNP水平與冠狀動脈病變Gensini評分呈正相關(r=0.43,P<0.05),與心臟變時性指標rHR及HRR均呈負相關(r=-0.34,-0.40,均P<0.05)。結論冠心病患者血漿BNP與冠狀動脈病變程度及心臟變時性指標rHR和HRR密切相關,對于評價冠心病心臟功能的改變有重要的臨床價值。
[關鍵詞]冠心病;腦鈉肽;心臟變時性
中圖分類號:R541.4文獻標識碼:A文章編號:1009_816X(2014)06_0470_04
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the correlation of degree of coronary artery lesion and chronotropic response in patients with coronary heart disease. Methods BNP and chronotropic response including rHR and HRR were recorded of patients with coronary heart disease, outcomes of coronary angiography (CAG) and the score of Gensini were also recorded. Contrastive analysis of BNP and chronotropic response of three groups, myocardial ischemia, stable angina pectoris (SAP) and unstable angina pectoris (UAP), were taken and the correlation of degree of coronary artery lesion and chronotropic response was evaluated. Results A total of 462 patients with coronary heart disease were enrolled. Analysis of Variance showed there were significant differences of the level of BNP among the three groups (all P<0.05). There were significant differences of rHR between the group of myocardial ischemia and UAP (P<0.05). There was positive correlation between BNP and the score of Gensini (r=0.43,P<0.05). There was negative correlations between BNP and rHR, so did BNP and HRR (r=-0.34,-0.40, all P<0.05). Conclusions BNP, rHR, HRR, and degree of coronary artery lesion are closely related and valuable for the evaluation of cardiac function in patients with coronary heart disease.
[Key words] Coronary disease; Brain natriuretic peptide; Chronotropic response
腦鈉肽(brain natriuretic peptide,BNP)又稱B型利鈉肽(B_type natriuretic peptide),是利尿肽家族中最為重要的一員。早期已有研究提示血漿BNP水平可為心力衰竭、急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)及急性冠狀動脈綜合征(acute coronary syndromes,ACS)的診斷及評估提供很大的幫助[1]。心臟變時性與心肌缺血程度密切相關,可反映心臟自主神經功能狀態,亦可用于評價冠心病患者心臟功能的改變。臨床中關于冠心病患者血漿BNP水平、冠狀動脈病變嚴重程度及心臟變時性相關性研究近年來開展較少。本文旨在分析冠心病患者血漿BNP水平與冠狀動脈病變嚴重程度及心臟變時性的相關性,為冠心病臨床診斷提供一定的臨床參考。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料:2008年1月至2013年12月間就診于臺州市中心醫院心內科并接受冠狀動脈造影檢查(coronary angiogram,CAG)的462例冠心病患者被納入本研究,診斷標準參照我國《冠狀動脈粥樣硬化性心臟病診斷標準》2010版。其中男327例,女135例,年齡39~73歲,平均(54.91±14.24)歲,病程2~64個月,平均(38.23±12.07)月,合并高血壓299例,陳舊性心肌梗死33例,高脂血癥59例,2型糖尿病43例;有吸煙史315例。排除標準:合并肺動脈高壓,肺源性心臟病,嚴重肝腎功能不全,血液病,嚴重感染,惡性腫瘤,或因心功能不全或急性心肌梗死不能耐受檢查者均未納入本研究。所有患者納入研究前均簽署知情同意書。endprint
1.2方法:所有患者于首次發病后24h內未使用或停用β受體阻滯劑、阿托品、硝酸酯類藥物48小時后抽取肘靜脈血3ml,置入含乙二胺四乙酸抗凝劑的試管中,離心機中離心10min,離心速率為3000轉/min,采用酶聯免疫吸附測定法(enzyme_linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)測定血漿BNP水平。試驗所需試劑由Biomerieux.S.A公司生產。本研究血漿BNP正常參考范圍為0~125ng/L。活動平板設備為TM_200(北泠通用電氣公司),采用Bruce分級方案。運動終止目標:(1)達到亞極量心率[(220-年齡)×85%];(2)出現典型心絞痛癥狀或明顯的癥狀和體征;(3)以R波為主的導聯出現缺血性ST段改變(ST段水平或下斜型壓低≥0.1mV,且持續2min以上);(4)血壓改變(血壓下降≥10mmHg,或血壓升高>220/120mmHg);(5)出現嚴重心律失常;(6)不能耐受運動量,要求終止。禁忌證:(1)高度危險的不穩定性心絞痛;(2)引起癥狀或影響血流動力學的未控制的心律失常;(3)軀體障礙影響安全性或運動量等。記錄所有患者運動時間、運動后最高心率及靜息心率等數值,并計算心臟變時性指標、運動最高心率與預測最大心率值之比(ratio of heart rate,rHR)。預測最大心率值=(220-年齡)次/分,心率儲備率(heart rate reserve,HRR)=(最大心率-靜息心率)/(220-年齡-靜息心率)×100%。使用德國西門子公司血管造影機,采用Judkins法行常規冠狀動脈造影檢查,對左主干、回旋支、前降支、右冠狀動脈及其主要分支的狹窄程度進行定量評價,以主要冠狀動脈管腔直徑狹窄≥50%定義為冠狀動脈造影陽性。冠狀動脈病變嚴重程度以Gensini評分[2]進行評價,見表1,根據評分將冠狀動脈病變程度分為≤20分組、21~39分組及≥40分組3組。
表1冠狀動脈病變Gensini評分
冠狀動脈腔徑狹窄程度Gensini評分(分)無腔徑狹窄0≤25%1≤50%2≤75%4≤90%8≤99%16100%321.3統計學處理:采用SPSS11.5版統計軟件進行數據分析,計量資料以(x-±s)表示。3組間比較采用單因素方差分析,兩組間比較采用LSD檢驗。血漿BNP水平與冠狀動脈病變嚴重程度及心臟變時性相關性采用Person相關分析。P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
3討論目前臨床中已有研究提出冠心病患者血漿BNP水平與冠狀動脈病變程度存在一定的相關性。CAG作為臨床應用中診斷冠心病的“金標準”,可提供冠狀動脈病變的量化指標,早在1983年由美國學者提出冠狀動脈病變嚴重程度的Gensini評分標準[3]。冠狀動脈病變的量化評價,為冠心病的診斷和介入治療提供了直觀的臨床數據支持。Goyal等[1]的研究結果提示,隨著冠狀動脈病變支數的增加,冠心病患者血漿BNP水平顯著增高,血漿BNP水平與冠狀動脈病變Gensini評分呈正相關(r=0.68,P<0.01)。Palazzuoli等[4]的研究探討了冠心病患者血漿BNP水平與冠狀動脈病變程度的相關性,結果提示隨著病變嚴重程度的增加,血漿BNP水平呈遞增趨勢;隨著冠狀動脈病變數量的增加,血漿BNP水平亦呈遞增趨勢,血漿BNP水平與冠狀動脈病變Gensini評分呈正相關(r=0.38,P<0.01)。本文結果提示,隨著冠狀動脈病變Gensini評分的增加,冠心病患者血漿BNP水平顯著增加,兩者呈正相關。但本文結果血漿BNP水平與上述研究結果存在一些差異,這可能與入選患者存在不同合并癥及前期治療或處理不同有關。臨床中需要進一步大樣本研究,通過ROC曲線界定不同分型、不同冠狀動脈病變程度的血漿BNP水平。正常情況下,心率隨機體代謝需要的增加而增加,基本呈線性關系,當心率不能隨著機體代謝需要的增加而增加時稱為心臟變時性功能不全。心臟變時性是心臟電活動和心臟節律方面的一個重要功能。早期已有大量的研究證明心臟變時功能不全是冠心病死亡率升高的強烈預測因子[5]。Lee等[6]進行了105例臨床表現為胸痛的疑似冠心病患者血漿BNP與心臟變時性指標HRR相關性研究,結果顯示冠心病患者治療前血漿BNP與心臟變時性指標HRR呈負相關(r=-0.28,P<0.01)。而Benes等[7]的研究則以心力衰竭患者為研究對象,結果提示心力衰竭患者HRR與血漿BNP水平間無顯著相關性。本文納入研究者均為冠心病患者,而心力衰竭患者因未能耐受相關檢查而納入排除范圍。研究結果提示冠心病血漿BNP與心臟變時性指標HRR呈負相關,與Lee等[6]的研究結果相似。rHR作為評價心率儲備的另一指標,近年來相關研究較少,臨床中尚無與血漿BNP水平的相關研究。本研究結果亦提示冠心病患者血漿BNP水平與心臟變時性指標rHR呈負相關,揭示了心臟變時性指標與血漿BNP水平相關性,以期為冠心病的診斷及預后提供更大的幫助。本文提示血漿BNP水平與心臟變時性指標相關性較好,對冠狀動脈病變程度及病變支數可做定量評價。然而,冠心病患者合并癥種類繁多、血漿BNP水平可受藥物或運動影響[8]、心臟變時性指標易受多種因素影響等,因此,不同病變程度的冠心病血漿BNP水平臨床參考范圍的確定,仍需大樣本的臨床研究,這為我們的進一步研究提供了更廣泛的空間。
參考文獻
[1]Goyal BM, Sharma SM, Walia M. B_Type natriuretic peptide levels predict extent and severity of coronary artery disease in non_ST elevation acute coronary syndrome and normal left ventricular function [J]. Indian Heart J,2014,66(2):183-187.endprint
[2]Choi EY, Kwon HM, Yoon YW, et al. Assessment of extent of myocardial ischemia in patients with non_ST elevation acute coronary syndrome using serum B_type natriuretic peptide level[J]. Yonsei Med J,2004,45(2):255-262.
[3]Gensini GG. A more meaningful scoring system for determining the severity of coronary heart disease[J]. Am J Cardiol,1983,51(3):606.
[4]Palazzuoli A, Maisel A, Caputo M, et al. B_type natriuretic peptide levels predict extent and severity of coronary disease in non_ST elevation coronary syndromes and normal left ventricular systolic function[J]. Regul Pept,2011,167(1):129-133.
[5]Lauer MS, Okin PM, Larson MG, et al. Impaired heart rate response to graded exercise. Prognostic implications of chronotropic incompetence in the Framingham Heart Study[J]. Circulation,1996,93(8):1520-1526.
[6]Lee JE, Kim BS, Park W, et al. The relationship between heart rate recovery and brain natruretic Peptide in patients with chest discomfort: a study for relationship between heart rate recovery and pre_exercise, post_exercise levels of brain natruretic Peptide in patients with normal systolic function and chest discomfort[J]. Korean Circ J,2010,40(4):172-178.
[7]Benes J, Kotrc M, Borlaug BA, et al. Resting heart rate and heart rate reserve in advanced heart failure have distinct pathophysiologic correlates and prognostic impact: a prospective pilot study[J]. JACC Heart Fail,2013,1(3):259-266.
[8]Lu W, Fu C, Chen Y, et al. Multiplex detection of B_type natriuretic peptide, cardiac troponin I and C_reactive protein with photonic suspension array[J]. PLoS One,2012,7(7):e41448.
(收稿日期:2014_6_20)endprint
[2]Choi EY, Kwon HM, Yoon YW, et al. Assessment of extent of myocardial ischemia in patients with non_ST elevation acute coronary syndrome using serum B_type natriuretic peptide level[J]. Yonsei Med J,2004,45(2):255-262.
[3]Gensini GG. A more meaningful scoring system for determining the severity of coronary heart disease[J]. Am J Cardiol,1983,51(3):606.
[4]Palazzuoli A, Maisel A, Caputo M, et al. B_type natriuretic peptide levels predict extent and severity of coronary disease in non_ST elevation coronary syndromes and normal left ventricular systolic function[J]. Regul Pept,2011,167(1):129-133.
[5]Lauer MS, Okin PM, Larson MG, et al. Impaired heart rate response to graded exercise. Prognostic implications of chronotropic incompetence in the Framingham Heart Study[J]. Circulation,1996,93(8):1520-1526.
[6]Lee JE, Kim BS, Park W, et al. The relationship between heart rate recovery and brain natruretic Peptide in patients with chest discomfort: a study for relationship between heart rate recovery and pre_exercise, post_exercise levels of brain natruretic Peptide in patients with normal systolic function and chest discomfort[J]. Korean Circ J,2010,40(4):172-178.
[7]Benes J, Kotrc M, Borlaug BA, et al. Resting heart rate and heart rate reserve in advanced heart failure have distinct pathophysiologic correlates and prognostic impact: a prospective pilot study[J]. JACC Heart Fail,2013,1(3):259-266.
[8]Lu W, Fu C, Chen Y, et al. Multiplex detection of B_type natriuretic peptide, cardiac troponin I and C_reactive protein with photonic suspension array[J]. PLoS One,2012,7(7):e41448.
(收稿日期:2014_6_20)endprint
[2]Choi EY, Kwon HM, Yoon YW, et al. Assessment of extent of myocardial ischemia in patients with non_ST elevation acute coronary syndrome using serum B_type natriuretic peptide level[J]. Yonsei Med J,2004,45(2):255-262.
[3]Gensini GG. A more meaningful scoring system for determining the severity of coronary heart disease[J]. Am J Cardiol,1983,51(3):606.
[4]Palazzuoli A, Maisel A, Caputo M, et al. B_type natriuretic peptide levels predict extent and severity of coronary disease in non_ST elevation coronary syndromes and normal left ventricular systolic function[J]. Regul Pept,2011,167(1):129-133.
[5]Lauer MS, Okin PM, Larson MG, et al. Impaired heart rate response to graded exercise. Prognostic implications of chronotropic incompetence in the Framingham Heart Study[J]. Circulation,1996,93(8):1520-1526.
[6]Lee JE, Kim BS, Park W, et al. The relationship between heart rate recovery and brain natruretic Peptide in patients with chest discomfort: a study for relationship between heart rate recovery and pre_exercise, post_exercise levels of brain natruretic Peptide in patients with normal systolic function and chest discomfort[J]. Korean Circ J,2010,40(4):172-178.
[7]Benes J, Kotrc M, Borlaug BA, et al. Resting heart rate and heart rate reserve in advanced heart failure have distinct pathophysiologic correlates and prognostic impact: a prospective pilot study[J]. JACC Heart Fail,2013,1(3):259-266.
[8]Lu W, Fu C, Chen Y, et al. Multiplex detection of B_type natriuretic peptide, cardiac troponin I and C_reactive protein with photonic suspension array[J]. PLoS One,2012,7(7):e41448.
(收稿日期:2014_6_20)endprint