一個朋友學了多年英語,單詞沒少背,可當自信滿滿地“踱進”原版文章里,“認識但看不懂”等狀況紛至沓來,巨大的挫敗感使他不由得仰天長嘆:“我的單詞算白背了!”得知他積累詞匯的方法,我就不奇怪了。他一直用連簡易詞典都不如的詞匯書背單詞。結果呢?對于一個單詞的含義只知其一,不知其二。也許你會說:背詞匯書不行,那我就背詞典。雖說這是個解決方法,但憑借巨大的毅力啃下一本之后,你會發現,其實你經常遇到的單詞及其釋義只是其中很小的一部分,你只好同樣仰天長嘆:“那么多單詞真是白背了!”那到底怎樣積累單詞才能記得快、記得牢?有沒有有效的好方法呢?答案就是精讀新聞!新聞信息是海量的,詞語運用是充分的。徜徉在各類英語新聞中,一邊認識世界,一邊積累詞匯,這個方法有趣又實用。需要提醒的是,處于英語學習階段的你不要只是浮光掠影地“看熱鬧”,而是要“精讀”新聞,否則再好的文字都如過眼云煙,沉淀不下來。那么怎樣精讀英語新聞,才能達到有效積累詞匯的目的呢?本文將從四個方面為大家提供建議。
結合語境,推測詞義
背單詞時常會碰到這樣的情況:有些單詞明明背過,但放在文章中卻讀不懂了。這讓花費大量精力背單詞的同學頗為惱火。少安毋躁,先了解這樣一件事:看似不起眼的單詞其實大都是“年紀一大把”,歷史短者百年,長者千年。你怎么能奢望這些承載著歷史、記錄著文明的單詞單純得只有一個含義呢?事實上,那些你熟悉的單詞在具體語境中并不一定表達的就是你熟悉的那個含義,它可能是另一種含義與用法。對于這樣的單詞,我們不僅不要嗔怪,反而要敬畏。如何準確抓住單詞的含義呢?答案是語境。新聞話題層出不窮,最不缺單詞使用的語境。考生在精讀新聞時,一定不要忘了“結合語境,推測詞義”這一招。下面我們來看兩則新聞,推測一下新聞中的straight和rosy health分別表達何種含義。
1. A new poll has revealed the people most admired by Americans. U.S. President Barack Obama tops the list of most admired men for the seventh straight year and Hillary Clinton retains her title as top woman for the 13th year in a row, Gallup found. (AOL News, Dec. 29, 2014, “US President Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton Named Most Admired People in the World”)
解析:單詞straight最常見的意思是“直的”,比如straight line (直線)和straight hair (直頭發),但例句中的straight顯然不是這個意思,我們可以根據語境推測出其含義。這條新聞的標題先交代奧巴馬和希拉里被評為(named)美國“最受尊敬的人士”,然后再提到“U.S. President Barack Obama tops the list of most admired men for the seventh straight year”,這里出現了seventh straight year的搭配,此處的straight不可能是“直的”,而是表示時間如同一根直線般“連續的,不間斷的”。因此這句話可以理解為:“奧巴馬連續第七年當選‘最受尊敬的男士’稱號。”
2. Life is pretty sweet for America’s airlines at the moment. The price of jet fuel has been hovering at its lowest point for six years…. Yet there is also another reason for American carriers’ rosy health: the amount they reap from baggage fees. (Economist, May. 5, 2015, “Sky-high Profit”)
解析:短語rosy health的表面意思是“氣色很好,非常健康”。而在本條新聞的語境下,航空公司并非人類,跟健康與否扯不上關系,所以我們得結合語境來理解這一詞組的含義。上文說目前美國航空公司的經營狀況不錯(pretty sweet), 然后給出第一個原因為航空燃料價格六年來一直不高,接下來又說了令航空公司出現rosy health的另一個原因,即它們從行李托運上賺了不少錢。由此可見,rosy health的含義是“經營狀況或盈利狀況極好”。
感受詞義,積累表達
新聞在描述某一話題的時候,難免會反復提到某些重要的內容:可能是人,可能是物,也可能是某種情況。此時為了避免重復,作者會竭盡全力地使用多樣化的表達,而我們便可以利用英語新聞文章的這個特點來迅速積累同義表達。下面列舉兩則新聞來予以說明。
3. More Americans than ever before are living alone. Some people are better at this than others; they thrive on “alone time,” and seem perfectly happy flying solo at the movies, restaurants and on vacation when the rest of the world couldn’t imagine doing these things without a partner, spouse or friends. (CBS News, Mar.13, 2015, “Too Much ‘Alone Time’ May Shorten Your Life”)
解析:上述兩句話來自一篇談論“獨處”的新聞。這兩句話中有兩處表達了“享受獨處”的含義:第一處是 thrive on “alone time”,單詞thrive的本意是“繁茂,茁壯成長”,在這里表示人們在獨處中“自得其樂”,用得妙;第二處是seem perfectly happy flying solo中的happy flying solo,描寫出人們快樂地獨來獨往于各種場合與活動之間的場景。瞧,從新聞中學習多樣化表達就是這么唾手可得。
4. Stanford accepted 5% of applicants, Columbia took in 6.1%, Yale sent acceptance letters to 6.49%, Princeton said yes to 6.9%, Brown accepted 8.5%, 9.9% of applicants got into Penn, Dartmouth took 10.3%, and Cornell offered spots to 14.9%. (CNN, Apr. 3, 2015, “Harvard Rejects about 95% of Applicants”)
解析:這一句話中有八處表達了“錄取”的含義,其中七處的用詞各不相同。第一處“Stanford accepted 5% of applicants”和第五處“Brown accepted 8.5%”使用了accept,該詞為“接受,錄取”的意思;第二處為“Columbia took in 6.1%”,其中的took in為“接受,錄取”的意思;第三處為“Yale sent acceptance letters to 6.49%”,其中的sent acceptance letters to意為“發送錄取信函”,還是表達“錄取”的意思;第四處為“Princeton said yes to 6.9%”,其中的said yes to意為“答應別人的請求”,還是表達“錄取”的意思;第六處為“9.9% of applicants got into Penn”,其中的got into為“獲得準許進入”的意思;第七處為“Dartmouth took 10.3%”,其中的took為“接收”的意思;第八處為“Cornell offered spots to 14.9%”,其中的offered spots to為“給(某人)提供位置”的意思。
刨根問底,感知習語
習語是語言中的精華。習語具有簡潔生動、幽默風趣的特點。在體會習語運用的時候,你往往會折服于那些充滿想象力和幽默感的表達方式。在精讀新聞時,習語的出現有時會讓人一頭霧水,但請一定發揚刨根問底的精神,借助良師、詞典、網絡或書籍去探究,隨之而來的收獲是巨大的:你將越來越懂得native speakers的語言世界,你的英語表達也會越來越地道。下面就列舉兩例來談談如何學習新聞中出現的習語。
5. This plant is a far cry from the hot, smelly, noisy places that people normally associate with manufacturing. Workers in goggles hand-build the LiftFans, which sell for millions of dollars, with the help of state-of-the-art machinery. Computers quietly hum. The atmosphere is disarmingly serene. (Economist, Feb. 28, 2015, “Not Quite What It Seems”)
解析:短語a far cry from是不是“從什么地方大叫一聲”呢?先看看這個句子后面的幾句話所描述的工廠環境:戴著護目鏡的工人,現代化的機械裝置,計算機輕聲運轉,整體氣氛安靜祥和……這不禁讓人心生懷疑:這里是工廠嗎?工廠不是又熱、又吵、又難聞的地方(hot, smelly, noisy places)嗎?沒錯!這里描述的工廠環境就是與傳統工廠的車間環境大相徑庭,由此我們可以判斷出第一句出現的習語a far cry from的含義為“與……頗為不同”。追溯一下這個習語的源頭可知,在19世紀早期,英國尚無報紙等傳媒手段,town crier (街頭公告員)會大老遠跑來向居民傳達重要信息,而傳達信息的方式通常是“大喊”,由此可推出a far cry就是far away或a long distance的意思。
6. As many people with a guilty conscience will testify, few things grease the wheels of forgiveness quite like a bouquet of flowers. So it should not come as too much of a surprise that the taxman also makes floral arrangements his gift of choice as a goodwill gesture to business owners…. (Dailymail, Jan. 2, 2015, “The Taxman Says It with Flowers”)
解析:短語grease the wheels是“給輪子上油”嗎?回答問題之前,先跟筆者回到1911年5月31日那一天,英國皇家郵輪泰坦尼克號首次下水,為了能使這個龐然大物順利入水,據說使用了23噸動物油脂和軟皂給滑軌潤滑,從此grease the skids (skid即滑軌)的說法不脛而走,后來又出現了grease the wheels的說法,兩者的含義相似。漸漸地,人們用grease the wheels來表達“為了某件事情進展順利而做的工作”。回看上面的新聞:“正如許多內心有愧的人所證明的那樣,沒有什么比帶著鮮花去請求原諒更奏效的了。”這里grease the wheels of forgiveness就是“使道歉這件事更為奏效”的意思。
根據話題,串記詞匯
每條新聞都在描述一個事件。通過精讀,我們可以欣賞作者怎樣展開主題,怎樣遣詞造句。想象一下,未來的某一刻,也許是面對雅思考官,也許是與外籍同事閑聊,面對類似話題,說什么、怎么說等構思可以通通省去,你只需要“調取”你精讀的相關新聞,自然而然地娓娓道來即可,想想也是醉了。但要如何達到這種境界呢?那就需要根據話題來串記詞匯。也就是說,讀者不僅可以記新聞里的單詞,也可以記新聞話題中常見的實用搭配表達。下面來舉例說明。
7. News reporter Giuliana Rancic recently denied having ever had an eating disorder. But in her new memoir, Going Off Script, the 40-year-old recounts a dark time when she turned to food binges for comfort. “I’ve always had a sweet tooth, but sugar became my drug, and I went on a binge every single night.” (Radar Online, Apr. 13, 2015, “Eating Disorder Confession?”)
解析:通過這則新聞,我們可以收獲 “暴飲暴食癥”這個話題的實用表達,如下所示。
①患有飲食失調癥:have an eating disorder
②借助暴飲暴食尋求安慰:turn to food binges for comfort
③喜歡吃甜食:have a sweet tooth
④糖成了某人必不可少的東西:sugar becomes sb.’s drug
⑤大吃一頓:go on a binge
8. ①Emergency measures introduced in Paris to halve the number of vehicles on the roads after a noxious smog descended on the French capital have been hailed as a success.
②Only “clean” cars, … were permitted to enter Paris and 22 surrounding areas on Monday in an attempt to reduce the level of fine PM10 particles from diesel engines.
③This time last year, a similar two-day ban was said to have had a positive impact on air quality, reducing the PM10 particles and the toxic nitrogen oxides (NOx) according to Airparis, which measures pollution in the capital.
④Experts say the problem is caused by carbon monoxide and PM10 particles from vehicles, an absence of wind to disperse the pollutants and other meteorological conditions … (Guardian, "Mar. 23, 2015, “Paris Emergency Measures to Combat Smog Hailed as a Success”)
解析:以上是新聞中摘取的部分句子,從中我們能收獲關于“城市空氣污染嚴重,政府采取機動車尾號限行措施”的實用表達,如下所示。
①將路上行駛的機動車數量減半:halve the number of vehicles on the roads
②(某地)遭遇一場嚴重的霧霾:a noxious smog descends on …
③目的是減少柴油發動機排放出的PM10微小顆粒物的水平:in an attempt to reduce the level of fine PM10 particles from diesel engines
④對空氣質量的改善效果明顯:have a positive impact on air quality
⑤減少了PM10顆粒物和有毒的氮氧化物的數量:reduce the PM10 particles and the toxic nitrogen oxides (NOx)
⑥這個問題是機動車排放的一氧化碳和PM10顆粒物、促使污染物擴散的大風的缺乏以及其他氣象條件造成的:The problem is caused by carbon monoxide and PM10 particles from vehicles, an absence of wind to disperse the pollutants and other meteorological conditions.
英語新聞這個裝載著詞匯的寶庫已經為你打開,你所需要的是一雙慧眼,捕捉好詞,日積月累,還要有一顆執著之心,精讀不倦,樂此不疲。