安東尼·多爾(Anthony Doerr) 1973年出生于美國俄亥俄州的克利夫蘭。1995年,他畢業于鮑登學院,獲得學士學位。1999年,他畢業于鮑林格林州立大學,獲得創作藝術碩士學位。他曾經游歷非洲和新西蘭,后在愛達荷州的博伊西城定居。2002年,他出版了短篇小說集《撿貝殼的人》(The Shell Collector),隨后又發表了《關于恩典》(About Grace)、《羅馬四季》(Four Seasons in Rome)、《記憶墻》(Memory Wall)、《所有我們看不見的光》(All the Light We Cannot See)等作品。多爾的文字如散文詩般優美,他擅長對人物的內心進行精妙的刻畫,對環境進行細膩的營造。他的短篇小說《獵手的妻子》(The Hunter’s Wife)、《撿貝殼的人》等曾獲得歐·亨利短篇小說獎,長篇小說《所有我們看不見的光》于2015年獲得普利策獎。
Excerpts1)
The Girl
In a corner of the city, inside a tall, narrow house at Number 4 rue2) Vauborel, on the sixth and highest floor, a sightless sixteen-year-old named Marie-Laure LeBlanc kneels over a low table covered entirely with a model. The model is a miniature of the city she kneels within, and contains scale replicas of the hundreds of houses and shops and hotels within its walls. There’s the cathedral with its perforated spire3), and the bulky old Chateau4) de Saint-Malo, and row after row of seaside mansions studded with chimneys.
Marie-Laure runs her fingertips along the centimeter-wide parapet5) crowning the ramparts6), drawing an uneven star shape around the entire model. She finds the opening atop the walls where four ceremonial cannons point to sea.
In a corner of the room stand two galvanized7) buckets filled to the rim with water. Fill them up, her great-uncle has taught her, whenever you can. The bathtub on the third floor too. Who knows when the water will go out again.
Her fingers travel back to the cathedral spire. South to the Gate of Dinan. All evening she has been marching her fingers around the model, waiting for her great-uncle Etienne, who owns this house, who went out the previous night while she slept, and who has not returned. And now it is night again, another revolution of the clock, and the whole block is quiet, and she cannot sleep.
She can hear the bombers when they are three miles away. A mounting static8). The hum inside a seashell.
When she opens the bedroom window, the noise of the airplanes becomes louder. Otherwise, the night is dreadfully silent: no engines, no voices, no clatter9). No sirens. No footfalls on the cobbles. Not even gulls. Just a high tide, one block away and six stories below, lapping at the base of the city walls.
And something else.
Something rattling softly, very close. She eases open the left-hand shutter and runs her fingers up the slats10) of the right. A sheet of paper has lodged there.
She holds it to her nose. It smells of fresh ink. Gasoline, maybe. The paper is crisp; it has not been outside long.
Marie-Laure hesitates at the window in her stocking feet, her bedroom behind her, seashells arranged along the top of the armoire11), pebbles along the baseboards. Her cane stands in the corner; her big Braille novel waits facedown on the bed. The drone of the airplanes grows.
The Boy
Five streets to the north, a white-haired eighteen-year-old German private12) named Werner Pfennig wakes to a faint staccato13) hum. Little more than a purr14). Flies tapping at a far-off windowpane.
Where is he? The sweet, slightly chemical scent of gun oil; the raw wood of newly constructed shell crates; the mothballed odor of old bedspreads—he’s in the hotel. Of course. L’h?tel des Abeilles, the Hotel of Bees.
Still night. Still early.
From the direction of the sea come whistles and booms; flak15) is going up.
An anti-air corporal16) hurries down the corridor, heading for the stairwell. “Get to the cellar,” he calls over his shoulder, and Werner switches on his field light, rolls his blanket into his duffel17), and starts down the hall.
Not so long ago, the Hotel of Bees was a cheerful address, with bright blue shutters on its facade and oysters on ice in its café and Breton waiters in bow ties polishing glasses behind its bar. It offered twenty-one guest rooms, commanding sea views, and a lobby fireplace as big as a truck. Parisians on weekend holidays would drink aperitifs18) here.
Over the past four weeks, the hotel has become something else: a fortress. A detachment of Austrian anti-airmen has boarded up every window, overturned every bed. They’ve reinforced the entrance, packed the stairwells with crates of artillery shells. The hotel’s fourth floor, where garden rooms with French balconies open directly onto the ramparts, has become home to an aging high-velocity19) anti-air gun called an 88 that can fire twenty-one-and-a-half-pound shells nine miles.
Werner is in the stairwell, halfway to the ground floor, when the 88 fires twice in quick succession. It’s the first time he’s heard the gun at such close range, and it sounds as if the top half of the hotel has torn off. He stumbles and throws his arms over his ears. The walls reverberate all the way down into the foundation, then back up.
Werner can hear the Austrians two floors up scrambling, reloading, and the receding screams of both shells as they hurtle above the ocean, already two or three miles away. One of the soldiers, he realizes, is singing. Or maybe it is more than one. Maybe they are all singing.
Werner chases the beam of his field light through the lobby. The big gun detonates a third time, and glass shatters somewhere close by, and torrents of soot rattle down the chimney, and the walls of the hotel toll like a struck bell. Werner worries that the sound will knock the teeth from his gums.
He drags open the cellar door and pauses a moment, vision swimming. “This is it?” he asks. “They’re really coming?”
But who is there to answer?
1. 節選部分選自小說開頭,主要介紹了在戰爭期間,兩位主人公(法國少女Marie-Laure LeBlanc與德國少年Werner Pfennig)所處的環境。節選有刪節。
2. rue:〈法〉街道,馬路
3. spire [?spa??(r)] n. 尖塔,尖頂
4. chateau:〈法〉(法國的)城堡,豪宅
5. parapet [?p?r?pet] n. 矮護墻
6. rampart [?r?m?pɑ?(r)t] n. (城市、城堡等周圍的)防御土墻,壁壘
7. galvanized [?ɡ?lv?na?zd] adj. 鍍鋅的
8. static [?st?t?k] n. 靜電干擾
9. clatter [?kl?t?(r)] n. 嘩啦聲;咔嗒聲
10. slat [sl?t] n. 板條;狹板
11. armoire:〈法〉大型衣櫥
12. private [?pra?v?t] n. 二等兵;列兵
13. staccato [st??kɑ?t??] adj. 斷奏的;斷音的
14. purr [p??(r)] n. 咕嚕咕嚕聲
15. flak [fl?k] n. 高射炮
16. corporal [?k??(r)p(?)r?l] n. 下士
17. duffel [?d?f(?)l] n. 圓筒包,收口提袋
18. aperitif [??per??ti?f] n. 開胃酒
19. velocity [v??l?s?ti] n. 速率;速度
作品賞析
圣馬洛是坐落在英法海峽之間的花崗巖礁盤上的一座古城,曾被譽為“法國布列塔尼翡翠海岸上最璀璨的明珠”。1944年盟軍在法國諾曼底登陸后,對在這里負隅頑抗的德軍進行了毀滅性的轟炸,圣馬洛小城幾乎被夷為平地。安東尼·多爾的《所有我們看不見的光》的敘述就是從盟軍轟炸機進入圣馬洛上空的隆隆聲中開始的。
在轟炸機機翼投下的陰影之下,有被困的德軍,還有滯留城中的法國平民,其中有小說的兩位主人公——瑪麗洛爾·勒布朗(Marie-Laure LeBlanc)和維爾納·普芬尼希(Werner Pfennig)。瑪麗洛爾16歲,先天雙目失明,由父親獨自撫養長大。1940年戰爭爆發后,她的父親被德國人帶走,生死不明。瑪麗洛爾只能寄住在圣馬洛的叔祖父家。叔祖父參加抵抗運動被捕后,她獨居老宅,用叔祖父留下的電臺設備播放她朗讀的《海底兩萬里》。與此同時,數條街外,德國士兵維爾納躲在當地一家酒店的地下室。維爾納雖然只有18歲,但已是一名老兵,他自幼父母雙亡,和妹妹尤塔一起在德國貧困的礦區長大。因為數學方面的天分,他考入了“國家政治教育學院”,在那里接受軍事化訓練。他畢業后參軍,曾經轉戰于俄國和中歐戰場,目前駐扎在法國,負責搜索抵抗組織的電臺。
《所有我們看不見的光》的寫作契機來自于作者多爾2004年的一次旅行。在火車上,他注意到一名乘客因手機通話中斷而發脾氣。這令他聯想到了無線電的發展歷史,于是決定“嘗試用魔法召喚出你在家里能夠收聽陌生人的聲音是一種奇跡的那個時代”。沒想到,為了在紙上捕捉這個時代,多爾用了十年的時間。隨著他對無線電發展史料的深入閱讀,他發現在第二次世界大戰中,電臺曾經發揮過巨大的作用。德國政府利用電臺對德國民眾進行政治動員。法國抵抗組織則利用電臺傳遞抗擊德國人的消息。為了捕捉無線電波這一我們人類所看不到的光線,多爾創造出了維爾納的形象。表面上看,瑪麗洛爾和維爾納是在1944年的轟炸中相識,維爾納發現了瑪麗洛爾的電臺,尋蹤而來。其實,他們的相識在十年前就埋下了伏筆。瑪麗洛爾的祖父死于第一次世界大戰,他在戰前曾經錄制了部分科普節目。他的弟弟,也就是瑪麗洛爾的叔祖父,為了紀念哥哥特地建立了無線電臺,播放哥哥的節目。而十年前,維爾納曾經通過自己翻修組裝的收音機,和妹妹一起入迷地聽過這些節目。到圣馬洛后,他識別出了瑪麗洛爾現在播報的頻道就是當年他所聽過的頻道。冒著大轟炸的威險,通過對無線電信號的甄別,他找到了瑪麗洛爾的家,救出了被困的瑪麗洛爾,目送她走向安全區,然后默默轉身離開。不久后,他被盟軍俘虜,在戰俘營死去。
多爾寫小說的起點是對一段科技史的關注,然而,當他真正動筆,卻在無線電的光線之外加上了更為重要的人性和道德之光,使小說成為一部可以觸動靈魂的反戰作品。小說沒有簡單地站在意識形態的立場上區分非此即彼的正邪黑白,而是寫出了戰爭對參戰雙方的傷害。作為被占領一方的法國的創傷自不待言。建一座古鎮,需要上千年時光的積累,摧毀它,卻只需代表現代技術的飛機幾天的轟炸即可。殘垣斷壁之下天天上演著生離死別的劇目。小說中,瑪麗洛爾的父親生死不明,叔祖父被帶走,剩下她自己獨困于殘宅,生命岌岌可危。其實,作為侵略方的德國也不是這場戰爭的贏家。為了自己所挑起的這場侵略戰爭,他們付出了慘重的代價。以小說中的維爾納為例,他被吸納為“青年先鋒團”的一員,接受洗腦式的教育。他最好的朋友弗雷德里克就是因為具有自己獨立的思想,受到了教官所支持的同學的欺凌,被打成了傻子。而維爾納畢業后則順從地應征入伍,變成了戰爭機器上的一枚小齒輪,喪生異鄉,尸骨無存。在學校時,“青年先鋒團”的熱血少年們高唱著:“啊,帶上我吧,帶我走進部隊/我不要平凡地死去!/我不要平庸的死亡,我要/我要倒在英雄的高地上。”而殘酷的事實卻以無情的反諷回應他們:他們將死亡帶給了其他國家的無辜百姓,自己也成為戰爭的炮灰,得到的只有侵略者的惡名,即便將生命捐出,也換不回英雄的榮耀,得到的只是無意義的卑微。
小說《所有我們看不見的光》的篇幅很長,有五百多頁,而且作者沒有采用時間順序,而是以1944年8月這個時間為主線,采用倒敘的方式,中間不斷閃回到戰爭爆發前,同時還采用了平行的雙主人公雙線敘述,從20世紀30年代兩位主人公的童年開始,一直講到1944年兩人相遇。小說的結構復雜,然而閱讀體驗卻非常流暢。多爾是一位高妙的文體家,他的文字閃耀著詩意,充滿了富有靈性的意象,不做作、不拖沓。他在行文中大量使用短句,各個章節大都是十頁之內的短篇幅,敘述節奏感強。讀者很容易被小說中的懸念所深深吸引,渴望隨著故事的推進,了解主人公們的歷史,以及在戰火紛飛的背景下,等待他們的又是什么樣的命運。
等待他們的是什么樣的命運?小說的主體敘述以二戰終結落幕,以瑪麗洛爾的生、瑪麗洛爾的叔祖父的回歸、維爾納的死、維爾納的妹妹被攻入德國的俄國人作為復仇對象強奸為結局。這個結局見證了戰爭的殘酷,也見證了和平的終于來臨。小說的結尾,時間線快進到了2014年,瑪麗洛爾已經是年近九旬的老人,在3月的植物園里,坐在長椅上,沐浴著陽光和微風,身邊坐著她12歲的外孫米歇爾。這是一幅幸福祥和的圖景。
多爾卻在這幅如世外桃源般寧靜的畫面上,加上了發人深思的一筆:瑪麗洛爾休息時,外孫米歇爾在忙著用游戲機打在線的戰爭游戲。他沒有見證過戰爭的殘酷,于是把戰爭理解為一場令人激動的冒險。殊不知戰爭真的會吞噬生命,吞噬光線,將祥和的人間變成黑暗的廢墟。只有人性的光芒才能救贖這黑暗。是維爾納不曾失落本性的善良才使米歇爾的外祖母活了下來,才有了他母親以及他這一代的傳承。米歇爾對戰爭游戲的迷戀是一種年少的好奇,也是一種令人不安的隱喻。或許,戰爭的怪獸并沒有遠離,這值得我們警惕,再警惕。