經(jīng)典文學(xué)作品的優(yōu)秀不僅體現(xiàn)在其引人入勝的故事情節(jié)和發(fā)人深省的思想內(nèi)涵上,而且還體現(xiàn)在精妙絕倫的語言運用上。有時作品里一句看似簡單的話卻道盡人生百態(tài),引起讀者共鳴,從而被廣泛引用。
Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland
《愛麗絲夢游奇境記》
Lewis Carroll, 1865 路易斯·卡羅爾,1865年
Where to start? Carroll’s dreamscape is filled with memorable lines, from Alice’s “Curiouser and curiouser” to the Dodo1)’s “all must have prizes” to the Duchess2)’s observation that if everyone minded their own business, “the world would go round a deal faster than it does.” There are baffling3) rhymes (“Twinkle twinkle little bat! / How I wonder what you’re at! / Up above the world you fly / like a tea tray in the sky”); furious instructions (“Off with her head!”) and, finally, clarity: “‘Who cares for you?’ said Alice, (she had grown to her full size by this time.) ‘You’re nothing but a pack of cards!’”
該從哪里開始呢?卡羅爾的奇幻夢境充滿了令人難忘的語句,從愛麗絲的“奇怪呀奇怪”到渡渡鳥的“每個人都該得獎”,再到公爵夫人的觀察結(jié)論——如果每個人都管好自己的事,“地球就會比現(xiàn)在轉(zhuǎn)得快多啦”。書里還有令人費解的押韻小詩(“一閃一閃小蝙蝠!/我想問你在干啥!/高高飛在天空里/好像茶盤天上掛”),有憤怒的命令(“砍掉她的頭!”),以及最后點破真相的話:“‘誰會理你們呢?’愛麗絲說(這時她已經(jīng)恢復(fù)到本來的身材大小了),‘你們只不過是一副紙牌!’”
A Tale of Two Cities《雙城記》
Charles Dickens, 1859 查爾斯·狄更斯,1859年
Dickens is a master of the opening page—think of the mud and fog of Bleak House, in the midst of which “it would not be wonderful to meet a megalosaurus4),” and the ominous5) “Marley was dead” of A Christmas Carol. But A Tale of Two Cities, Dickens’s novel of the French revolution, must remain his most frequently repeated beginning: “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness …” Almost as celebrated are Sydney Carton6)’s closing lines: “It is a far, far better thing that I do, than I have ever done; it is a far, far better rest that I go to than I have ever known.”
狄更斯是寫小說開篇的高手—想想《荒涼山莊》開篇對泥濘和霧的描述,在那樣的環(huán)境中“如果見到斑龍也不足為怪”,還有在《圣誕頌歌》中那個不太吉利的開篇句“馬萊死掉了”。不過,狄更斯最常被提起的開篇肯定還是他那本關(guān)于法國大革命的小說《雙城記》的開篇:“那是最美好的時代,那是最糟糕的時代;那是智慧的年頭,那是愚昧的年頭……”幾乎與之享有同等贊譽(yù)的還有西得尼·卡登的臨終遺言:“這是我一生中做得最最漂亮的事, 這里是我所知的最最好的安息之所?!?/p>
Animal Farm《動物莊園》
George Orwell, 1945 喬治·奧威爾,1945年
“Four legs good, two legs bad,” a key tenet of Animalism, the credo by which the animal characters—or “Beasts of England7)”—wage their war against human governance, has lodged firmly in the language, as has the evidence of their corruption, “all animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.” Orwell’s purpose was to allegorise revolutionary and Stalinist Russia; his brilliant ear for the bombast8) of totalitarianism carried through to Nineteen Eighty-Four, published six months before his death in 1950, with its “Newspeak9),” “doublethink10),” “thoughtcrime11)” and, of course, “Big Brother12).”
“四條腿好,兩條腿壞”這句話已堅定地扎根于我們的語言中。這句話是動物主義的一個重要信條,動物角色們,或者說“英格蘭獸”,秉承這一信條發(fā)起戰(zhàn)爭,對抗人類的統(tǒng)治。同樣扎根于我們語言中的還有證明它們腐敗的這句話:“所有動物生來平等,但有些動物比其他動物更平等。”奧威爾的目的是要用寓言的手法諷刺俄國大革命和斯大林時期的蘇聯(lián)。他極善于捕捉極權(quán)主義的浮夸說辭,這一特點一直延續(xù)到小說《一九八四》中。《一九八四》在1950年奧威爾去世前六個月得以出版,小說中出現(xiàn)的新詞語包括“新話”“雙重思想”“思想罪”,當(dāng)然還有“老大哥”。

The Great Gatsby《了不起的蓋茨比》
F. Scott Fitzgerald, 1925 F·司各特·菲茨杰拉德,1925年
Jim Carrey’s portrayal of comedian Andy Kaufman13) in the film Man on the Moon showed him reading The Great Gatsby in its entirety to a bewildered audience; a cinematic exaggeration, but testimony nonetheless to the novel’s mesmerising14) qualities. Fitzgerald’s tale of Jazz Age excess is filled with cool deliberations, including Daisy’s ambitions for her baby daughter: “I hope she’ll be a fool. That’s the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool.” Its most strikingly poetic moment comes at the close: “So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past.”
在電影《月亮上的男人》中,金·凱瑞所飾演的喜劇演員安迪·考夫曼給困惑的觀眾讀完了整本《了不起的蓋茨比》。這是戲劇的夸張,盡管如此,卻也證明了這本小說令人著迷的特質(zhì)。菲茨杰拉德筆下的故事描述了爵士時代的縱情聲色,其中充滿了冷靜的思考,包括黛西對于她那正處于襁褓之中的女兒的希冀:“我希望她將來是個傻瓜。這是女孩子在這個世界上最好的出路,當(dāng)一個美麗的小傻瓜?!比珪罹咴娨獾囊荒皇墙Y(jié)尾處的那句:“于是我們奮力前行,卻如同逆水行舟,不停地被水浪沖退,回到過去?!?/p>
1.Dodo:渡渡鳥,《愛麗絲夢游奇境記》中的動物。愛麗絲和一些小動物掉進(jìn)了淚池,上岸后,為了把身上弄干,渡渡鳥想出了跑步比賽的主意。當(dāng)問及比賽誰輸誰贏時,渡渡鳥說,每個人都該得獎。
2.the Duchess:公爵夫人,《愛麗絲夢游奇境記》中的人物。她開始對愛麗絲不友好,后來轉(zhuǎn)變態(tài)度,對愛麗絲既友好又尊重。
3.baffling [?b?f(?)l??] adj. 令人困惑的,難解的
4.megalosaurus [?meɡ?l???s??r?s] n. 斑龍(侏羅紀(jì)時期的一種大型食肉恐龍)
5.ominous [??m?n?s] adj. 不祥的,不吉的
6.Sydney Carton:西得尼·卡登,《雙城記》里的角色,他為了自己心愛的女人露茜的幸福,頂替被判了死刑的露茜的丈夫上了斷頭臺。
7.Beasts of England:英格蘭獸,代指小說《動物莊園》里的動物們,沿用的是莊園里一首圣歌《英格蘭獸》的名字。
8.bombast [b?m?b?st] n. 浮夸的言語(或文字);大話
9.Newspeak:新話,指《一九八四》中大洋國為遏制人民思想而創(chuàng)造的新語言體系。
10.doublethink:雙重思想,源自小說《一九八四》,指一個人同時接受兩種相互矛盾的信念。
11.thoughtcrime:思想罪,《一九八四》里大洋國政府的一個罪名。一個人如果有犯罪思想即被認(rèn)定為犯了思想罪,而不必從言論或行動上為其定罪。
12.Big Brother:老大哥,《一九八四》中大洋國的領(lǐng)袖,但書中自始至終沒有真正出現(xiàn)這個人物,他的存在始終是作為權(quán)力的象征和人們膜拜的對象。
13.Andy Kaufman:安迪·考夫曼(1949~1984),20世紀(jì)70年代美國著名喜劇演員
14.mesmerise [?mezm?ra?z] vt. 使人著迷