托福閱讀中的句子插入題(Insert Text Questions)的考查形式如下:題目給出一個(gè)句子(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“插入句”),要求考生判斷該句子應(yīng)插入文章的哪個(gè)位置最合適,題目會(huì)提供四個(gè)位置(用“"”標(biāo)出,以下為行文方便,例句全部使用A、B、C、D來(lái)代替黑方塊)供考生選擇。該題型在托福閱讀中考查的數(shù)量不多,不是每一篇閱讀理解文章都會(huì)有這類題目,一篇閱讀理解文章最多只會(huì)出現(xiàn)一道句子插入題,且都出現(xiàn)在倒數(shù)第二道題中。該題型的難度較大,考生要理解句子的意思以及句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系才能正確地答題。
一般來(lái)說(shuō),該題目所給的插入句可以為考生提供解題的線索。解題的線索分為兩類:一類是插入句含有明確的指代關(guān)系;另一類是插入句含有明確的邏輯關(guān)系。下面筆者就分別從這兩方面來(lái)講述句子插入題的解題策略。
插入句含有明確的指代關(guān)系
插入句中如果出現(xiàn)代詞(如they、this、that、these、such等),表明該插入句含有明確的指代關(guān)系,考生可以根據(jù)這一指代關(guān)系來(lái)判斷插入句該插入文章的哪個(gè)位置。根據(jù)一般文章的行文習(xí)慣,如果插入句含有代詞,那么在原文中,插入句前面的句子應(yīng)該會(huì)出現(xiàn)代詞所指代的相關(guān)名詞。因此,考生依次查看題目提供的四個(gè)位置時(shí),可根據(jù)位置前出現(xiàn)的名詞來(lái)推測(cè)插入句中的代詞指代的是什么,然后根據(jù)這樣的推測(cè)來(lái)判斷插入句放在假設(shè)的位置時(shí),插入句與上下文在意思與邏輯上是否相符。下面筆者列舉兩個(gè)例子來(lái)加以說(shuō)明。
例1 Scholars offer three related but different opinions about this puzzle. A One opinion is that the paintings were a record of the seasonal migration made by herds. B Because some paintings were made directly over others, obliterating them, it is probable that a painting’s value ended with the migration it pictured. C Unfortunately, this explanation fails to explain the hidden location, unless the migrations were celebrated with secret ceremonies. D
Where would the sentence best fit?
All three of them have strengths and weaknesses, but none adequately answers all of the questions the paintings present. (摘自《新托福考試官方指南第四版》P49)
解析:此題給出的插入句里含有all three of them這個(gè)含有指代關(guān)系的詞組,考生據(jù)此可以判斷該插入句的上文(前面的句子)應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)過(guò)某個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)名詞。有此預(yù)判后,考生可以假設(shè)插入句放在A處,那么all three of them指代的便是前面句子出現(xiàn)的復(fù)數(shù)名詞opinions。然后考生再判斷插入句放在A處時(shí),其與上下文句子的意思和邏輯銜接是否連貫。A處前面的句子的含義是“關(guān)于這個(gè)謎團(tuán),學(xué)者們提供了三個(gè)相關(guān)但不同的看法”,而插入句的意思是“這三個(gè)看法都有優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn),但是沒(méi)有一個(gè)看法可以充分解釋這些畫(huà)存在的所有問(wèn)題”,插入句正好承接前面那一句,繼續(xù)評(píng)論三種看法。由此考生能夠判斷插入句放置于A處時(shí),可以與前面的句子意思連貫起來(lái),邏輯關(guān)系也很通順,因此此題的插入句放在A處最合適。
例2 The sheer scale of the investment it took to begin commercial expansion at sea reflects the immensity of the profits that such East-West trade could create. A Spices were the most sought-after commodities. B Spices not only dramatically improved the taste of the European diet but also were used to manufacture perfumes and certain medicines. C But even high-priced commodities like spices had to be transported in large bulk in order to justify the expense and trouble of sailing around the African continent all the way to India and China. D
Where would the sentence best fit?
They were highly valued for a couple of reasons. (摘自TPO 17 “Europe’s Early Sea Trade with Asia”)
解析:本題的插入句中出現(xiàn)了代詞they,其指代的肯定是復(fù)數(shù)名詞。考生回原文依次判斷A、B、C、D四個(gè)位置,如果該插入句放在A處,其指代的應(yīng)該是前面一句出現(xiàn)的復(fù)數(shù)名詞profits,此時(shí)插入句的意思是“利潤(rùn)因?yàn)橐恍┰蚨艿街匾暋保敲春笪膽?yīng)該對(duì)此有進(jìn)一步介紹,然而A處后面的第一句話卻是介紹spices (香料),開(kāi)啟了另一個(gè)話題,因此插入句放在A處無(wú)法與后面的句子銜接。如果將插入句放在B處,則they指代前一句的復(fù)數(shù)名詞spices,那么插入句的意思就是“香料因?yàn)橐恍┰蚨艿礁叨戎匾暋薄處后面一句話的意思是“香料不僅很大程度上提升了歐洲人的飲食味道,而且還用于制作香水和某些藥材”,這不就是在進(jìn)一步解釋香料受到高度重視的原因嗎?因此,此處插入句應(yīng)該插在B處。
插入句含有明確的邏輯關(guān)系
如果插入句含有明確的邏輯關(guān)系詞,可以利用插入句所含的邏輯關(guān)系來(lái)判斷插入句最適合插入的位置。插入句常出現(xiàn)的邏輯關(guān)系詞包括以下幾類:①轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系詞,比如but、however、yet、even though等;②因果關(guān)系詞,比如because、due to、so、consequently等;③遞進(jìn)關(guān)系詞,比如also、in fact、even、furthermore等。如果插入句中有如上這些邏輯關(guān)系詞的話,考生就可以利用它們作為線索,閱讀題目提供的位置前后的句子,判斷插入句插入后,其是否與位置前后的句子邏輯關(guān)系相符。下面筆者列舉兩例予以說(shuō)明。
例3 A Because they are always swimming, tunas simply have to open their mouths and water is forced in and over their gills. B Accordingly, they have lost most of the muscles that other fishes use to suck in water and push it past the gills.C In fact, tunas must swim to breathe. D They must also keep swimming to keep from sinking, since most have largely or completely lost the swim bladder, the gas-filled sac (囊) that helps most other fish remain buoyant.
Where would the sentence best fit?
Consequently, tunas do not need to suck in water. (摘自《新托福考試官方指南第四版》P117)
解析:插入句的consequently的意思是“結(jié)果”,據(jù)此考生可以初步判斷插入句與前面的句子之間是因果關(guān)系,且前面的句子表示原因。由此考生可以先排除A處。插入句的意思是“結(jié)果,金槍魚(yú)不需要吸水”,B處前面的句子意思是“因?yàn)榻饦岕~(yú)一直在游動(dòng),它們必須張著嘴使水流經(jīng)它們的腮”,而B(niǎo)處后面句子的意思是“因此它們大部分的肌肉已經(jīng)退化了,而其他魚(yú)利用這樣的肌肉來(lái)吸水和從腮里排水”。也就是說(shuō),B處前面的句子解釋了“金槍魚(yú)不需要吸水”的原因,因此插入句應(yīng)放在B處。
例4 A Ecologists are especially interested in knowing what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communites (頂級(jí)群落) all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. B The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. C We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery. D
Where would the sentence best fit?
In fact, damage to the environment by humans is often much more severe than by natural events and processes. (摘自《新托福考試官方指南第四版》P474)
解析:本題插入句的邏輯提示詞是in fact,句意是“事實(shí)上,人類對(duì)于環(huán)境的破壞通常遠(yuǎn)比自然事件和過(guò)程帶來(lái)的破壞更嚴(yán)重”,帶有遞進(jìn)的含義,由此考生可以推斷出該插入句前面應(yīng)該談到人類對(duì)環(huán)境的破壞。考生回到原文,發(fā)現(xiàn)B處前面的一句談到了human activities對(duì)于環(huán)境的破壞,而B(niǎo)處后面的一句舉了一個(gè)Mount St. Helens火山爆發(fā)的例子,例子的大意是“與人類對(duì)Mount St. Helens的破壞相比,火山爆發(fā)給它帶來(lái)的破壞就顯得微不足道了”,這進(jìn)一步證明了插入句的觀點(diǎn)——人類對(duì)環(huán)境的破壞大于自然事件帶來(lái)的危害,由此考生可以判斷出插入句放在B處最合適。