在之前的文章里,筆者已經多次提醒申請者不要在留學文書中寫“I am eager to learn knowledge”之類的句子,主要原因是單詞learn本身已經包含了knowledge的含義。在Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary中,learn的第一條釋義為“to gain knowledge or skill by studying, from experience, from being taught, etc”。由此可見,在learn后接上knowledge純屬畫蛇添足,不是地道的英文搭配。不建議寫此類句子的另一個原因是很多人有些過度使用learn knowledge這種表達。在我們所接觸的申請者中,有90%的人都會在自己的文書里用learn knowledge這個表達,有的甚至在同一篇文章中用十來次,似乎留學文書除了表達“學習知識”之外就沒有其他內容可寫了。我們可以把此類現象歸納為中國申請者在留學文書寫作中的通病。本文為大家總結了三種最為突出、最具代表性的通病,并提出有效的“治病方案”。
金玉其外,敗絮其中
不少人在備考托福、SAT、GRE、雅思等語言考試的過程中通過死記硬背記住了不少意思艱深的英語單詞,這些單詞即使對那些以英語為母語的人士來說也是有相當難度的,甚至有部分單詞他們都未必認識,更談不上在日常交流中使用了。可是,有很多申請者卻一味追求文字艱深晦澀,在自己的文書中大量使用GRE級別的詞匯,最后導致的結果是文章徒有華麗的辭藻,實質內容卻禁不起推敲。更有甚者,一些留學中介誤人子弟,在他們為申請者提供的“精美文書”中,不僅到處是華而不實的辭藻,有些句子甚至整個段落的結構都是混亂的,語法錯誤也頻頻出現。最可怕的是,申請者自己全然不知問題的嚴重性。接下來筆者通過實例來給大家進行分析講解。
以下三個例子選自同一篇留學文書,該申請者想申請去美國讀生物專業的本科。
例1:My hometown is familiar to most Chinese people as “the city of heroes,” for which, however, is not a pride because it indicates the egregious problem of pollution in which the “heroic people” live. In the monumental air and water pollution, my hometown is also widely known for the significant food safety incident of “tainted milk.”
The shame of the incident has made me particularly concerned about food safety issues.
評析:劃線部分存在語法和用詞兩方面的問題。兩個定語從句which前的介詞使用錯誤,其與從句所修飾的名詞毫無關系。單詞egregious (極其嚴重的,極壞的)和monumental (巨大的,不朽的)屬于前文提到的“華麗的辭藻”,前者一般用于形容錯誤和失誤,后者是個褒義詞,一般用來描述建筑、藝術作品、重大歷史事件和具有紀念意義的事物。可見,這兩個詞用來形容pollution和air都不合適。Shame (羞恥)是人的一種情緒或心態,無法和incident (事件)搭配使用。
修改后:My hometown, Shijiazhuang, is familiar to most Chinese people as “the city of heroes.” However, there is nothing much to be proud of when the “heroic people” are clueless as to how to combat the appalling air and water pollution that is plaguing the city. To make matters worse, the town has been brought into the public eye over the significant food safety incident of “tainted milk.”
As a concerned citizen, I feel ashamed.
評析:修改后的句子短小精悍,先說石家莊的別名是“英雄之城”,后又提到居住在“英雄之城”的市民面對城市的環境污染問題卻束手無策,傳達出一種諷刺的效果。最后一句的“I feel ashamed”不僅改正了原文中的用詞錯誤,同時也很好地引出了“我”學生物學的動機。
例2:As per my findings from intensive research on rhodopseudomonas palustris (沼澤紅假單胞菌), production was actually simple in spite of the fact of two problems: unstable quality and failure in mass production. The key here was just a piece of culture apparatus effective in moving the bacteria from the inside wall of the apparatus and thus enhancing the per-unit production and keeping the quality stable.
評析:本段中的語言矯揉造作:“as per my findings from”應簡化為“I found that ...”或“my research showed that …”。最后一句中的the key表義不清,應進行詳細解釋,可改為“the solution of the problem should be …”或“what is lacking is …”,這樣讀者才知道問題的癥結和解決方案是什么。同時語法也有問題:in spite of the fact后面應該跟that從句,而不是名詞。
修改后:My research on rhodopseudomonas palustris showed that production was actually simple in spite of two problems: unstable quality and failure in mass production. What was lacking here was just a piece of culture apparatus effective in moving the bacteria from the inside wall of the apparatus and thus enhancing the per-unit production and keeping the quality stable.
評析:高中生參與到科研中,能做一些簡單的研究已經不錯了,但修改前的句子把它說成是intensive research,顯然是言過其實,該形容詞在修改后的句子中消失了。另外,修改后的邏輯非常清晰:提出問題,并提出了解決問題的方法。
例3:All the time, I dream of improving people’s lives through biological sciences, and I hope sincerely to start doing so by studying at your esteemed and extinguished university, with its powerful support in technology and resources, and its source of inspiration!
評析:這段話是文章的結尾段,主要存在三個問題。第一,即使拋開辭藻華麗這一點,僅從文字表達的意思上看,這段話依然不合邏輯:大學怎么支持科技、資源和靈感?第二,我們在之前的文章中已經多次告誡申請者不要突然引入第二人稱your esteemed university,這里卻出現了這個問題。第三,extinguished (熄滅的)用來修飾大學是極其嚴重的用詞錯誤,申請者想要表達的應是distinguished。不過,就算寫對了,也沒多大用處,因為esteemed和distinguished之類虛假的恭維是英美人士不喜歡聽的。
修改后:I am hopeful that my UPenn education in biology will help me in my rather ambitious cause to change the image of my hometown so that it truly lives up to its good name as the city of heroes.
評析:原文“All the time, I dream of improving people’s lives through biological sciences”有為全人類的解放事業奮斗終生的口氣,但是不可信。修改后“全人類”變成了“石家莊”,申請者希望通過學習生物來改善家鄉的環境問題,使the city of heroes這個美名更名符其實,這樣的說法就更讓人信服了。
語義模糊,弄虛作假
由于留學申請者越來越傾向于低齡化,有些申請者的英語寫作水平較低,因此寫出的文書里存在大量語法問題(如時態錯亂、主謂不一致等)以及由此導致的語義不清,這都可以算作是無心之過。但還有一些申請者,由于自己經歷有限,并沒有很多值得一書的“好人好事”,于是便通過“移花接木”或“偷天換日”的伎倆,故意把文章的時態模糊化處理,比如把自己要做的事或是做了一半的事寫成過去時、現在完成時,從而使讀者產生錯覺,以為這是已經發生過的事。還有申請者故意把一個團隊合作完成的項目寫成是自己獨自完成的,但是寫著寫著就露餡了,因為文章里會突然出現we、our、team member、my friend之類的詞。此類問題比起單純的語法和用詞錯誤更為嚴重,甚至可以說是惡劣。
例1:With two feet tied on stilted blades, I struggled to stand on. Falling over any time not enough care was paid, a small step seemed impossible.
評析:在例1中,申請者描述了自己試穿殘疾人假肢,一不小心就跌倒的經歷。但是劃線部分主謂不清,被動語態誤用,句子結構也有問題,讓讀者看不明白這是要表達什么內容。
修改后:With two feet tied on stilted blades, I struggled to stand on my feet. I fell down numerous times when I was not paying attention and even when I was paying attention.
評析:在描述自己的親身經歷和所見所聞時,一定要多用簡單明了的主謂結構和主動語態,以表明文書的主人公是“我”。
例2:Before the international robotic contest, all contestants in China needed to gather in Shanghai first. Unexpectedly, the teacher leading our team failed to get his visa. The time was tight and it was urgent for us to leave. So, I, together with the other junior high school student, the two of us, went to Shanghai without our teacher. I also shouldered the responsibility as the team leader to take care of all contestants. To my surprise, I discovered a careful and caring side of my personality during this time.
評析:本段有不少語義模糊的地方。①參賽者是否在上海集合了?從上下文看是肯定的,所以needed to應刪掉,改為過去時gathered。②文中the teacher leading our team中的our team是指中國隊還是指北京隊?帶隊老師/教練是帶北京隊還是中國隊?從上下文看應該是北京隊的帶隊老師/教練。③北京隊一共有幾個人?從上下文看好像是兩個。④“我”臨時當了隊長,沒有說到底是中國隊隊長還是北京隊隊長。有多少隊友在“我”領導之下?從上下文看好像是北京隊的隊長,而北京隊加上“我”本人,一共只有兩人,怎么能說take care of all contestants呢?單詞all必須是三個以上對象的情況下使用的。申請者在這段話中有明顯拔高自己的傾向,這是不可取的。
修改后:Before our departure to Ohio for the contest, all contestants from China gathered in Shanghai including two of us from Beijing. There would have been three members representing Beijing if it had not been for the fact that our team leader and coach failed to receive his visa in time for the trip. I found myself having to take care of both myself and my fellow Beijing team member by assuming the dual responsibility of contestant and team leader.
評析:修改之后的段落時態正確,語義清晰。
中式英文和“中國特色”表達
中式英文(Chinglish)就是把中文生搬硬套翻譯成英文,比如把“小心碰頭”譯成“caution knock head”,把“夫妻肺片”譯成“Husband and Wife Lung Slice”。“中國特色”表達是指那些在中國文化中比較獨特的概念或事物,在其他文化中沒有對等的概念和文字,因而難以翻譯成英文,比如中文里的許多自謙之詞(晚生、小輩、拙作)或客套話(“哪里,哪里”“都是自家人,客氣什么呀”),還有家庭成員之間的稱謂(大伯、爺爺、姑姑、阿姨等)。在這些情況下,我們有必要做適當的解釋,避免造成誤會。
例1:Last winter, I fixed a clock and made a fashionable face and alarm for an old aunty in our neighborhood.
評析:這句話的本意是“去年冬天,我為鄰居阿姨修鐘,換上了一個非常時髦的外殼并安裝了一個鬧鐘系統”。但因為作者沒有寫清楚三個動作都是針對“鐘”做的,所以整句話讓人很費解。其中,old aunty的問題更嚴重。在英文里,aunty指姑姑或阿姨,是親戚。這個稱謂不適合指左鄰右舍或陌生的女性。另外,“老”在中國文化中是對年長者的一種尊稱,比如老先生,但是在英美文化里非常忌諱用old形容老人。
修改后:Last winter, I fixed a malfunctioning clock and added a fashionable case and an alarm system to it for an elderly lady in my neighborhood.
評析:這里“added … to it”中的it指代的是clock,因此三個動作的邏輯關系就清楚了。An elderly lady在表達上比an old lady或an old aunty要妥當得多,人際關系也交代清楚了。
例2:Having been a good student all along, from primary school to high school, I was always the best student in my class because of studying industriously.
評析:這句話主要有兩個問題。第一,在中國成績至上的文化氛圍里,“我刻苦讀書,成績優秀,因此我是好學生”這個邏輯是成立的,但這是典型的中式思維,有悖于英美文化的價值觀。英文對good的定義非常廣,要求非常高,而且太抽象,學生也不能自封是好學生,即便good是他人給予的評價,也必須清楚說明好在哪里。在英美文化里,讀書刻苦、成績優秀的人不一定就是好人,如果這人對他人和社會沒有什么貢獻,那也不能被稱為好人,比如碌碌無為的人中有讀書好的人,犯罪分子當中也有讀書好的人。再者,學校里的高材生未必是事業上的成功者,因此成績好和好學生是不能完全劃等號的。第二,這句話存在語法問題。既然句子開頭是having been a good student all long,那么主句后面的謂語動詞應該是相應的一般現在時、現在完成時或現在進行時,但例句中主句謂語動詞用的是一般過去時。Having been a good student和I was always the best student表述重復,應刪除前者。
修改后:Ever since my elementary school years, I have been an academically competitive student. I have earned a long string of As. To me, anything less than an A is a failure. However, for a long time, particularly during my junior middle school years, I was not a happy girl because I did not have many friends …
評析:首先,把good改為academically competitive,這樣就比較客觀,也沒有“成績好,所以什么都好”這種牽強附會的邏輯問題。其次,把單純的自我表揚改寫成自省,并在后文中描述了自己在交友時遇到的挫折、犯下的錯誤、自我的反思和改進,以及最終成功擺脫孤獨,學會和人打交道的過程,這遠比說“I have always been a good student”有思想、有內涵,還能反映出申請者低調、自謙的優秀品質和與人相處的本領。