馮新熠 陸蘇 劉曉 劉紅
·臨床研究與應用·
保乳治療對年輕三陰性乳腺癌患者預后的影響
馮新熠 陸蘇 劉曉 劉紅
目的:探討保乳手術對年齡在35歲以下三陰性乳腺癌患者預后的影響。方法:回顧型分析2000年1月至2009年12月天津醫科大學腫瘤醫院收治126例行保乳手術的年輕乳腺癌患者的臨床資料,根據免疫組織化學法將患者分為三陰性乳腺癌及非三陰性乳腺癌兩組,比較其臨床病理學特征及生存情況。結果:在接受保乳治療的年輕患者中,三陰性乳腺癌患者的發病年齡早(P=0.029)、復發轉移時間早(P=0.041)、組織學分級高(P=0.020)。三陰組和非三陰組5年局部復發率分別為14.3%W T.4.4%(P=0.048),5年遠處轉移率分別為14.3%W T.12.1%(P=0.731),總生存率分別為91.4%W T.95.6%(P=0.349)。Cox比例風險模型多因素分析顯示組織分級是局部復發的獨立預后因素(HR=10.686,P=0.019),三陰性并不是局部復發的獨立預后因素(HR=3.469,P=0.064)。腫瘤分期是生存的獨立預后因素(HR=3.503,P=0.001),組織學分級較高的患者死亡風險亦增高(HR=5.472,P= 0.020)。結論:保乳術后三陰性乳腺癌年輕患者復發轉移時間早,局部復發率較高,而其遠處轉移率和總生存率與非三陰性乳腺癌患者比較并無顯著性差異。三陰性乳腺癌年輕患者仍可接受保乳治療。
三陰性乳腺癌 保乳治療 預后
一系列臨床研究證實,年輕乳腺癌患者較老年患者預后更差[1]。由于保乳手術創面小且保留形體美感,年輕患者在治療手段上更傾向于保乳手術,然而其術后局部復發率亦更高。有研究表明導致保乳手術局部復發的危險因素為年齡<50歲和組織分級為3級[2],但目前對于三陰性乳腺癌年輕患者的保乳術后療效的臨床病例研究尚少,治療規范仍存在爭議。本研究收集年齡<35歲行保乳手術的乳腺癌患者的臨床病理學資料,分析其中三陰性乳腺癌及非三陰性乳腺癌的臨床病理學特征及生存情況,以期
為治療方法的選擇提供依據。
1.1病例資料
收集2000年1月至2009年12月天津醫科大學腫瘤醫院收治126例行保乳手術的年輕乳腺癌患者資料。入選標準:初診年齡<35歲;接受保乳手術治療;有完整的臨床病理資料。排除標準:初治時已發現遠處轉移;炎性乳腺癌。根據2011年圣加倫會議專家共識,采用免疫組織化學法檢測病理結果。其判定方法為:1)雌激素受體和孕激素受體陽性指染色陽性細胞數在1%以上;2)HER-2染色0或+被判定為陰性,+++被判定為陽性,++采用熒光原位雜交進行驗證,FISH結果陽性判定為陽性,相反則判定為陰性[3]。本研究根據免疫組織化學法參考激素受體和HER-2狀態將患者分為:ER、PR和HER-2均陰性定義為三陰性乳腺癌,其他定義為非三陰性乳腺癌。126例患者均行腫瘤局部擴大切除術加腋窩淋巴結清掃術,術中對標本上下、內外、淺表基底6點取材行冰凍病理檢查,術后行石蠟切片病理檢查以確保切緣陰性。術后行輔助化療和放療,對激素受體ER、PR陽性的患者行內分泌治療,藥物以三苯氧胺為主。
1.2隨訪
術后2年內每3個月復查1次,術后第3年開始每6個月復查1次,術后第5年后每年復查1次。復查內容包括乳腺腫瘤標志物、乳腺超聲、鉬靶、胸片、腹部超聲等檢查,必要時行全身骨掃描等檢查。通過臨床或組織學檢測診斷乳腺癌局部復發或遠處轉移。隨訪從初次確診乳腺癌開始計算,隨訪至患者死亡或截至2013年12月。隨訪方式為電話、信件、查閱門診住院病歷等,隨訪內容主要為患者是否生存及復發轉移。局部復發及遠處轉移時間按手術日期至確診腫瘤復發轉移日期計算。總生存時間按手術日期至乳腺癌相關性死亡日期計算。
1.3統計學分析
采用SPSS 19.0軟件進行統計學分析。運用χ2檢驗比較不同分子分型之間臨床病理學特征差異,采用Kaplan-Meier法進行生存分析,Log-rank法進行組間對比,采用Cox比例風險模型進行預后的多因素分析。P<0.05為差異具有統計學意義。
2.1臨床病理學特征
患者中位年齡為32(18~35)歲。腫瘤大小均值為2.2 cm,淋巴結陽性率為19.8%(25/126)。患者術后免疫組織化學法結果:三陰組占27%(35/126),非三陰組占73%(91/126)。三陰組年齡<35歲患者占77.1%(27/35),高于非三陰組(P=0.029);組織學Ⅲ級占25.7%(9/35),較非三陰性患者高(P=0.020);在復發轉移患者中,三陰組的1年內復發轉移患者占40%(4/10),高于非三陰組(P=0.041);腫瘤大小和有無淋巴結轉移方面差異無統計學意義(表1)。

表1 年齡<35歲的三陰性與非三陰性乳腺癌保乳患者的臨床病理特征比較Table 1Clinicopathologic characteristics of triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC)and non-TNBC patients aged under 35 years who underwent breast-conserving surgery(BCS)
2.2預后分析
中位隨訪時間為70個月。5年總局部復發率為7.1%(9/126),總轉移率為12.7%(16/126),患者總生存率為94.4%(119/126)。Kaplan-Meier生存分析顯示:三陰性和非三陰性乳腺癌患者的5年局部復發率為14.3%W T. 4.4%,差異具有統計學意義(P=0.048,圖1);5年遠處轉移率為14.3%W T.12.1%,5年生存率為91.4%W T.95.6%,差異均無統計學意義(P=0.731,P=0.349,圖2,3)。

圖1 三陰性與非三陰性乳腺癌保乳患者無局部復發生存比較Figure 1Kaplan-Meier analysis of local recurrence-free survival based on molecular subtype of patients who underwent BCS

圖2 三陰性與非三陰性乳腺癌保乳患者無遠處轉移生存比較Figure 2Kaplan-Meier analysis of distant recurrence-free survival based on molecular subtype of patients who underwent BCS

圖3 三陰性與非三陰性乳腺癌保乳患者總生存比較Figure 3Kaplan-Meier analysis of OS based on molecular subtype of patients who underwent BCS
2.3單因素分析
研究結果顯示,未接受化療和內分泌治療,組織學分級較高,三陰性乳腺癌患者的局部復發率較高。淋巴結轉移數較多,腫瘤分期較高,組織學分級較高的患者死亡率較高(表2)。

表2 年輕保乳患者影響生存的單因素分析Table 2Univariate analysis of prognostic factors affecting survival of patients aged under 35 years undergoing BCS
2.4多因素分析
將單因素分析中差異具有統計學意義的因素納入Cox比例風險模型,采用前進法進行多因素分析。結果提示三陰性乳腺癌保乳術后患者局部復發風險高,但差異無統計學意義(HR=3.469,P=0.064)。組織分級是影響保乳術后患者局部復發的獨立預后因素(HR=10.686,P=0.019)。腫瘤分期與組織學分級是影響保乳患者生存的獨立預后因素(HR=3.503,P= 0.001與HR=5.472,P=0.020),見表3。

表2 年輕保乳患者的影響生存的單因素分析(續表2)Table 2Univariate analysis of prognostic factors affecting survival of patients aged under 35 years who underwent BCS

表3 影響年輕保乳患者生存的多因素分析Table 3Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors affecting survival of patients aged under 35 years who underwent BCS
近幾十年來乳腺癌術式的改善顯著提高了患者的生存質量,本研究綜合評價各種臨床病理因素,特別是保乳治療對年輕三陰性乳腺癌患者預后的影響。
通過基因分型定義乳腺癌亞型已得到廣泛認同[4],其中三陰性乳腺癌患者發病年齡偏低且組織學分級較高[5-6],侵襲性較強,保乳術后復發時間較早[7-8]。有研究提示,三陰性、低齡、腫瘤大小為保乳術后局部復發的獨立影響因子[9]。本研究中的126例年輕保乳患者中,三陰性乳腺癌患者組織學分級高,復發轉移時間早,這與早期一系列研究結果一致。另一項對平均年齡為55歲的乳腺癌保乳患者的研究指出,5年總局部復發率為1.8%,遠處轉移率為6.3%[10]。本研究患者5年總局部復發率為7.1%,總轉移率為12.7%,總生存率為94.4%。本研究患者的預后較其他文獻的報道更差,主要原因可能是本研究人群為年輕患者,年輕女性致密乳腺富含更多的IGF-1,其水平較高被認為是絕經前女性罹患乳腺癌的危險因素[11]。
保乳治療對三陰性乳腺癌患者預后的影響,文獻報道結果并不一致。Caudle等[12]的研究顯示,HER-2型和三陰性乳腺癌患者保乳術后預后較差,局部復發率更高(P=0.001)。Solin等[13]的研究發現,多因素分析中三陰性乳腺癌并不是影響保乳手術預后的獨立影響因素(P=0.097)。另一項研究顯示,三
陰性乳腺癌并未造成年輕乳腺癌患者保乳術后局部復發率升高(P=0.849)[14]。本研究中三陰性乳腺癌患者的5年局部復發率較非三陰性高,5年遠處轉移率及5年生存率均無差別,多因素分析結果提示三陰性并不是局部復發的獨立預后因素。原因可能是患者年輕,總體局部復發率較高,降低了三陰性乳腺癌對于保乳術后局部復發的作用。目前尚不能確定對于年輕三陰性乳腺癌患者,根治術能否帶來比保乳術更佳的預后效果。有研究發現在三陰性乳腺癌者中,根治術和保乳術在局部復發、遠處轉移及總生存率上并無顯著性差異[15],證實擴大切除范圍并未對患者生存情況帶來改善。這提示了雖然年輕三陰性乳腺癌患者對內分泌及曲妥珠單抗靶向治療無效且侵襲性較強,但是只要給予更為積極的治療,保乳手術仍然是該類患者可行的治療選擇。
綜上所述,雖然保乳術后年輕三陰性乳腺癌患者復發轉移時間早,局部復發率較高,然而其遠處轉移率和總生存率與非三陰性乳腺癌患者并無顯著性差異。保乳治療仍是年輕三陰性乳腺癌患者的合適選擇。
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(2014-09-24收稿)
(2014-12-17修回)
Effect of breast-conserving surgery on the prognosis of young women with triple-negative breast carcinoma
Xinyi FENG,Su LU,Xiao LIU,Hong LIU
Hong LIU;E-mail:lh713@163.com
Objective:To evaluate the outcomes of women aged under 35 years with triple-negative(TN)breast cancer(BC)who underwent breast-conserving surgery(BCS).Methods:The medical records of 126 patients aged under 35 years who underwent BCS in the Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital between January 2000 and December 2009 were retrospectively reviewed.On the basis of immunohistochemical methods,the patients were divided into TN and non-TN groups.The clinical features between the groups were compared to clarify the prognostic significance of TNBC.Results:The TN group was significantly associated with young age(P=0.029),early recurrence and metastasis(P=0.041),as well as high histological grade(P=0.020).Five-year recurrence rates were 14.3%and 4.4%in the TN and non-TN groups,respectively(P=0.048).The distant metastasis rate between the two groups was 14.3%vs.12.1%(P=0.731),and the overall survival(OS)rate was 91.4%vs.95.6%(P=0.349).Multivariate analysis was performed,and the recurrence rate was associated with histological grade(HR=10.686,P=0.019).TN was not the risk factor for local failure(HR=3.469;P=0.064).The factors associated with OS were TNM stage(HR=3.503,P=0.001)and histological grade(HR= 5.472,P=0.020).Conclusion:The TN group exhibited earlier recurrence and metastasis,as well as higher recurrence rates,than those of the non-TN group.However,there were no significant differences in the distant metastasis rate and OS between TN and non-TN groups.Thus,TNBC should not be contraindicated for breast conservation.
triple-negative breast carcinomas,breast-conserving surgery,prognosis

10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.20141621
天津醫科大學腫瘤醫院乳腺二科,國家腫瘤臨床醫學研究中心,天津市腫瘤防治重點實驗室,乳腺癌防治教育部重點實驗室(天津市300060)
劉紅lh713@163.com
The Second Department of Breast Cancer,Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer;Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy;Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy,Tianjin Medical University,Ministry of Education,Tianjin 300060,China
馮新熠專業方向為乳腺癌的個體化綜合診治。
E-mail:446504875@qq.com