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植物病程相關蛋白PR10結構、功能及表達調控的研究進展

2016-01-01 00:00:00盧一鵬李偉孫楠向玉鐵朱凌清黃磊王昊徐瑞新任國勇魯玲王俊
湖北農業科學 2016年2期

摘要:PR10蛋白是植物在受到各類生物和非生物脅迫后產生的一種病程相關蛋白,在植物生長發育和應對外界生物和非生物脅迫時發揮重要作用。通過對近年來PR10研究結果的回顧,對PR10蛋白家族的序列、結構特征、系統發生、生物化學功能、表達調控模式、啟動子分析、亞細胞定位與蛋白互作及其在抑菌反應和根瘤固氮中的作用進行了綜述,重點闡述了PR10蛋白的表達調控模式及生物化學功能,并提出了PR10蛋白研究中存在的問題及對未來的展望。

關鍵詞:PR10;表達調控模式;生物化學功能

中圖分類號:Q71 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:0439-8114(2016)02-0273-07

DOI:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2016.02.001

植物在受到外源病原體入侵時,體內會產生一系列“應激反應”,其中包括誘導表達一類病原體相關蛋白(Pathogenesis-related protein)[1,2]。在開花植物中,人們根據PR蛋白結構和功能特性的不同,將這些蛋白分為17個不同的家族。這些PR蛋白家族具有廣泛的功能,從細胞壁硬化到信號傳導,以至于抗菌活性[1,3,4]。在這些PR蛋白中,來自荷蘭芹(Petroselinum crispum)中的PR-1蛋白屬于典型的PR10家族,該蛋白廣泛存在于種子植物中,并受發育過程和環境脅迫的調控。根據蛋白序列的相似性、亞細胞定位區間及可能的功能,PR10家族蛋白又可以被分為兩個不同大類:①細胞內病原體相關蛋白(IPR,Intracellular pathogenesis-related proteins),該類蛋白與核糖核酸酶(Ribonuclease)具有序列同源性;②Norcoclaurine合成酶(NCS,Norcoclaurine synthase,EC 4.2.1.78),該類蛋白參與芐基異喹啉堿(BIA,Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids)—一種植物次級代謝物的合成[5]。PR10蛋白最初是以IPR蛋白被發現的,包括樹花粉過敏原和主要的食物過敏原[6]。迄今,人們已從不同開花植物中發現100多種PR10蛋白或者PR10相關蛋白。在這些植物中,有單子葉植物也有雙子葉植物,有裸子植物也有被子植物[7]。

近年來,各種植物中關于PR10的研究有較大進展,PR10蛋白不僅參與植物病原體入侵的防御反應,在植物的正常發育過程以及根瘤菌共生過程中均起著非常重要的作用。本文從PR10蛋白的系統發生、功能、表達調控模式以及在不同生物學過程中的作用等方面進行綜述。

1 PR10蛋白家族的序列和結構特征

大多數PR10基因由長度介于456~489 bp的開放閱讀框(ORF)編碼,蛋白產物約為151~162個氨基酸,分子質量為15~18 ku。通常情況下,PR10基因的開放閱讀框包含一個76~359 bp的內含子,內含子位置在種子植物中非常保守[6,8],但來源于蘋果的一個PR10亞家族卻沒有內含子[9]。盡管PR10蛋白家族成員間的氨基酸序列分化非常嚴重,它們之間也有一些保守的特征,例如保守P-loop、小分子量、酸性等電點、亞細胞定位到細胞質以及相似的三維結構等[1,10]。研究發現,具有NCS活性的PR10家族成員的開放閱讀框比傳統PR10長,通常由633~696 bp所編碼,相對分子質量為23~26 ku,蛋白序列比傳統PR10蛋白多出N端或者C端[5,11]。

2 PR10蛋白系統發生

Liu等[7]用來自多種種子植物,包括裸子植物和被子植物的95個PR10蛋白的氨基酸序列構建NJ系統發生樹。結果發現,進化樹變異非常大,包括2個主要的進化枝。絕大多數PR10蛋白被聚在第一個大的進化枝,而NCS組群蛋白則被聚在罌粟PR10組成的進化枝,位于系統進化樹的基部。這種拓撲結構暗示了NCS組群蛋白的起源可能先于種子植物的分化。在大的進化枝內部,高度分化的IPR蛋白被分成4個亞進化枝,來自雙子葉植物的PR10蛋白被分在第一亞進化枝,而來自單子葉植物的PR10蛋白被聚在第二和第四亞進化枝,第三亞進化枝則包括了來自松柏科植物的PR10蛋白。絕大多數來自同一物種的PR10蛋白聚在一起,推測在開花植物進化之初,可能發生了PR10蛋白的爆發,進而隨著基因組的進化,導致了PR10的復制或者等位基因的發生。PR10蛋白同時存在于裸子植物和被子植物,可能進化上來自同一個祖先基因,經歷了結構變異和功能分化。盡管如此,不同物種中PR10基因的分化具有各自不同的特點,有待進一步研究。

3 PR10蛋白的生物化學功能

3.1 PR10蛋白的RNase活性

PR10蛋白具有RNase活性,首先在白樺(Betula alba L.)得到驗證,該PR10蛋白與人參RNase具有較高同源性[12]。之后相繼發現很多PR10蛋白具有RNase功能[7,13-18]。通過不同物種中PR10蛋白氨基酸位點突變分析,發現PR10蛋白中有3個位點:P-loop、E94、Y150突變后在不同蛋白中均對RNase活性表現出一致的影響,推斷這幾個位點與RNase具有較為緊密的關系[19-22]。據報道,P-loop為保守的核酸結合模序,能與ATP和GTP結合,存在于許多核酸結合蛋白中[23]。Liu等[7]在對具有RNase活性的蛋白進行序列比對后發現,有4個位點在所有成員間保守,Y150便是其中之一。除PR10蛋白序列直接與RNase活性相關外,磷酸化可能也參與了RNase活性的激活,如CaPR10的磷酸化將RNase活性提高為非磷酸化蛋白的12.4倍[15]。

盡管來自很多物種的PR10蛋白被證實具有RNase活性,也有一些PR10蛋白被證明并不具有RNase活性,如LlPR10.1B在某種程度上具有RNase,但是它的同源類似物LlPR10.1A卻沒有RNase活性[24]。除此之外,來源于西部白松的PmPR10-1.10重組蛋白也被證實不具有RNase活性,可能也不具有生理功能[25]。

3.2 PR10蛋白配體結合活性

除具有RNase活性外,PR10還具有配體結合活性。據報道,來自綠豆(Vigna radiata)和苔蘚(Physcomitrella patens)的PR10蛋白(VrCSBP)和具有細胞分裂素特異結合活性[26-28]。來自櫻桃(Prunus pseudocerasus)的過敏原PR10蛋白(Pru av1)能夠結合植物類固醇粟甾酮(Phytosteroid homocastasteron)[29]。樺樹(Birch)主要過敏原(Bet v1)能夠與很多具有生理功能的配體,如細胞分裂素、脂肪酸以及類黃酮等結合[30]。除此之外,Bet v1還能與脫氧膽酸鹽、蕓苔甾內酯、表油菜素內酯等特異性的非共價結合[10]。樺樹PR10-c能與細胞分裂素、黃酮苷、固醇類、大黃素等結合[31]。這些配體分子當中,很多是具有重要生物學功能的激素、生物大分子和活性物質,PR10蛋白可通過與這些分子的結合,調控其在植物體內的濃度,從而調節生長發育及其抗病防御。

3.3 PR10蛋白在植物次級代謝中的酶活性

PR10蛋白參與次級代謝主要通過其NCS活性來實現。第一個被報道參與次級代謝的PR10蛋白是金絲桃中的HpHyp-1,編碼一個HYP1酶負責合成金絲桃素,金絲桃素參與二蒽酮的合成[32]。同時該蛋白還具有催化(S)-Norcoclaurine合成的功能,進而參與芐基異喹啉堿的合成。但并非所有的PR10均具有NCS活性,到目前為止,具有NCS活性的蛋白多分離自毛茛目(Ranunculales),如罌粟(Papaver somniferum)、黃唐松草(Thalictrum flavum)和日本黃連(Coptis japonica)等[11,33]。

4 PR10蛋白表達模式

4.1 生物脅迫和非生物脅迫下的誘導表達

PR10蛋白能在病原微生物脅迫條件下被誘導表達,在很多植物物種中都有過廣泛的研究。這些病原微生物包括:病毒[15,34-36]、細菌[37-39]、真菌[34,40-46]等。據報道,在蘭伯氏松松針被銹病真菌侵染條件下,PR10能被誘導并結合到銹病病原體(Cronartium ribicola)水泡細胞壁上[47]。當北美黃衫木(Pseudotsuga menziesii)被真菌侵染時,位于根皮層組織的PR10被誘導。

PR10表達除受病原微生物誘導之外,還受非生物脅迫如傷害、冷脅迫、干旱脅迫、堿性條件、金屬離子、氧化脅迫、紫外輻射等的誘導。在蘆筍中,AoPR1基因轉錄本在受到外界傷害后得到積累[48,49]。馬鈴薯PR10a在傷害和效應物處理后快速積累,處理后6 h便能檢測到,但PR10c卻不能被誘導[50,51]。在西部白松中,受傷害誘導后,PR10在基因水平上和蛋白水平上均快速升高[44-46]。寒冬里,蘭伯氏松和西部白樺的根中PR10蛋白水平積累到最高水平[52]。同樣,冷脅迫誘導PR10的表達也發生在桃樹和桑葚中[53,54]。在堿性條件下,水稻根中PR10受到誘導上調表達[55]。干旱條件下,南歐海松和辣椒中PR10受到誘導[15,56]。沙漠豆科植物中Retama raetam PR10受休眠誘導[57],樺樹葉和根中PR10受銅脅迫和其他相關氧化脅迫[58,59],羽扇豆中PR10受紫外輻射誘導[34]。

4.2 PR10的組成性表達

盡管PR10最初的發現是在病原菌侵染條件下,隨著研究的深入,陸續有報道稱有些PR10表現出組成性表達模式,而與病原體侵染無關,且發育過程中在不同的植物組織器官中被調控[45,53]。在植物生長過程中和不同組織器官中,如花[51,60-64]、花粉粒[50,60]、葉[25,46,65]、莖[46,61]、果實[35,66,67]、種子[20,61]和根[45,65,68]中均發現了PR10蛋白的組成性積累。作為花粉或者食物過敏原,PR10蛋白在樺樹花粉[60]、鵝耳櫪(Carpinus betulus)[69]、蘋果[67]、芹菜[70]、梨[71]和大豆[72]中大量存在。

5 PR10基因調控與啟動子分析

PR10基因轉錄被多種脅迫條件所調節,并在生長發育的不同階段也有不同的調節模式。Walter等[73]研究顯示,Ypr10c啟動子驅動的GUS基因表達具有組織特異性,并能受谷胱甘肽或SA誘導,但在Ypr10c啟動子中并未發現特異的順式元件。在蘆筍PR10基因AoPR1啟動子中發現的一些元件可能與傷害誘導有關,包括G-box、H-box和一個9 bp的序列(ATTTGACCG)[49,61]。另外在荷蘭芹PcPR1啟動子分析時,發現-240~-130是真菌誘導所必需[74]。進一步研究發現,該段序列中存在一個W-box,它的核心序列(T)TGAC(C)能與WRKY蛋白(WRKY1,2,3)相互作用,而WRKY蛋白則與效應物響應誘導的PcPR1表達相關[75,76]。PcPR2基因啟動子中有一個11 bp模序(CTAATTGTTTA),也證明與效應物介導的PR10基因表達有關[77]。

在西部白松中,PmPR10-1-14啟動子的不同區域在轉基因煙草中與根部特異表達有關,其中包括一個長的重復序列[45]。在PmPR10-1-13啟動子序列中,有兩個區域(-1 316~-930 和 -309~-100)與疾病和傷害誘導活性有關[46]。在PmPR10-1-13啟動子序列中也發現了一些在被子植物中與誘導表達相關的順式作用元件,如典型的Box-W1(TTGACC)[78]、茉莉酸甲酯響應元件(CGTCA/TGACG)、乙烯響應增強元件(ATTTCAAG)。啟動子刪除及啟動子活性比較分析表明,EIRE-box、G-box和一段回文結構(ATGAAGTTCAT)可能參與了疾病和傷害條件下的PR10誘導表達[46]。在馬鈴薯PR10啟動子中,-155~-52為一段正調節順式作用元件,與真菌和傷害誘導有關,而-52~-28是一段負調節順式作用元件[79]。進一步研究發現馬鈴薯PR10a啟動子的一段50 bp(-155~-105)的序列與效應子(Effectors)響應有關,磷酸化的核轉錄因子PBF1與 -135~-105區段結合,為PR10a轉錄活化所必需[80]。同時另一個磷酸化的核轉錄因子PBF2與ERE元件(TGACAnnnnTGTCA)的結合對PR10a的轉錄活化也至關重要[81]。

6 PR10蛋白家族成員的亞細胞定位及相關互作蛋白

PR10蛋白家族成員在亞細胞水平的分布多種多樣。根據PR10蛋白的序列特征,多數PR10蛋白不具備信號肽,被定位在細胞質中[7,82],如葉綠體中[47],但也有例外。Islam等[83]研究發現,北美黃衫木根中PR10被定位在細胞壁和細胞質中。Zhang等[84]發現來自剛毛怪柳(Tamarix hispida)的ThPR10在洋蔥上表皮胞中定位在細胞核中。新近有報道稱,來自中國的野葡萄品種(Vitis pseudoreticulata)中VpPR10在細胞內外均有存在,包括細胞壁、葉綠體、細胞質中,液泡和細胞核中也有少量存在,當葡萄葉片在受到葡萄霜霉病(P. viticola)時,在細胞核中也檢測到VpPR10存在的信號[18]。對于另一類具有NCS活性的PR10蛋白,Lee等[33]研究表明,NCS蛋白N端肽段實際為信號肽,將PR10蛋白定位到液泡當中。

與PR10相關的蛋白互作研究進展相對緩慢,到目前為止,僅有為數不多的幾例報道。在蘋果(Malus domestica)中,報道了一個功能未知的蛋白MadP,具有與蘋果PR10(Ma d1)蛋白結合的能力[85],暗示了PR10在信號傳導中的潛在功能。另據報道,一個來自辣椒(Capsicum annuum)的PR10蛋白,能與植物免疫系統中的一類LRR(Leucine rich repeat)蛋白結合,且這種結合對于抗病反應非常重要,暗示了PR10可以通過調節植物免疫系統來實現其抗病功能[82]。

7 抗菌抑菌反應與根瘤固氮

很多體外試驗證明,PR10蛋白具有抗菌抑菌的功能。辣椒中重組蛋白CaPR10能抑制卵菌病原體(P. capsici),同時體外試驗表明,該蛋白還具有RNase活性,能消化煙草花葉病毒RNA[15]。來自可可屬的TcPR10能抑制念珠菌病原物(M.perniciosa),體外試驗表明,該蛋白同樣具有RNase活性和抗真菌活性[86]。牛茄子中SsPR10具有RNase活性和抗菌活性[7]。Ocatin是一種塊莖貯藏蛋白,屬于PR10蛋白家族。ZmPR10轉基因煙草葉片提取物具有RNase活性,并能抑制玉米黃曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)[87]。研究發現,該蛋白具有抗細菌和抗真菌的活性[88]。來自大豆(Glycine max)的GmPR10顯著抑制大豆疫霉的菌絲生長并具有RNase活性,體外試驗表明,過量表達的GmPR10能增加煙草對黑脛病的抗性[89]。鑒于此,研究人員提出PR10蛋白的抗菌功能很可能與RNase活性有關,具有RNase活性的PR10蛋白可能在植物的感染位點通過程序性死亡來保護植物,或者直接參與抵御病原體。已有一些結果支持該假設,但同時也有一些結果并不支持該假設。如馬鈴薯過表達STH-2并未提高對病原的抗性[90]。

在根瘤固氮方面,有研究表明,GmPR10.1在大豆根瘤菌(Bradyrhizobium japonicum)侵染后6~48 h內在轉錄水平上被顯著上調表達[91],最高達7倍(6 hpi),在蛋白水平也表現出上調(結果未發表),表明GmPR10.1能同時在基因水平和蛋白水平上對根瘤菌侵染作出響應,在根瘤固氮的侵染過程中具有重要作用。PR10受根瘤菌侵染誘導上調表達在其他豆科植物,如豌豆、蒺藜苜蓿和菜豆等,均有報道[92-94]。

8 展望

PR10是一類小分子量酸性蛋白,不僅受病原體侵染誘導,在植物不同生長發育和應對外界生物和非生物脅迫過程中均起著非常重要的作用[15,34-59]。但其作用機理尚不明確,如PR10具有配體結合活性,如何決定其配體結合專一性以及如何通過配體結合調控生長發育等還有待進一步研究。此外,植物PR10對外源病原微生物具有抗性作用,但同時能與豆科植物共生的固氮菌侵染后又能誘導其表達[91-94],這種誘導對共生作用的形成是利是弊,是否還有其他未知的功能,對這些問題的解答,將為解析植物如何利用PR10蛋白實現自我防御、生長調控、協作共生的發生機理打下堅實的基礎。

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