摘要是以提供文獻(xiàn)內(nèi)容梗概為目的,不加評論和補(bǔ)充解釋,簡明、確切地記述文獻(xiàn)重要內(nèi)容的短文,也是整個論文的精髓和靈魂。其作用是使讀者以最短的時間掌握論文最重要的信息,吸引讀者進(jìn)一步閱讀全文和引用,從而擴(kuò)大論文的影響和價值。所以在摘要翻譯過程中必須忠實(shí)于原文,不能隨意增加或刪減,也不能不求甚解,自由發(fā)揮。本文著重探討在翻譯英文題名及摘要中應(yīng)該遵循的翻譯原則及常見專業(yè)術(shù)語的選用、意義指代不明與語義混淆的句子分析與更正等問題。
英文摘要作為醫(yī)學(xué)論文,尤其是論著類文章的重要組成部分,有其特殊的意義和作用,他是國家間知識傳播、學(xué)術(shù)交流與合作的“橋梁”和媒介。尤其是目前國際上各主要檢索機(jī)構(gòu)的數(shù)據(jù)庫對英文摘要的依賴性很強(qiáng),因此,好的英文摘要對于增加期刊和論文被檢索和引用機(jī)會、吸引讀者、擴(kuò)大影響起著不可忽視的作用。《山東醫(yī)藥》的稿約中規(guī)定,中英文摘要均采用結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要,包括目的(Objective)、方法(Methods)、結(jié)果(Results)、結(jié)論(Conclusion)四部分。本文結(jié)合《山東醫(yī)藥》第54-56卷,共144期收錄和修改發(fā)表后的英文題名及摘要為例,著重探討在翻譯英文題名及摘要中應(yīng)該遵循的翻譯原則及常見專業(yè)術(shù)語的選用、意義指代不明與語義混淆的句子分析與更正等問題。
一、翻譯原則
中國的傳統(tǒng)翻譯理論是以嚴(yán)復(fù)提出的“信”、“ 達(dá)”、“ 雅”三原則為特征的,這三個原則在之后的很長時間里都影響著中國的翻譯思維。由于醫(yī)學(xué)具有較強(qiáng)的專業(yè)性,因此,在醫(yī)學(xué)翻譯中首先要遵循的是“信”和“ 達(dá)”。 “信faithfulness”,是指譯文必須與原文保持意義上的一致,英文摘要的翻譯必須忠實(shí)于中文原文,不能隨意增加或刪減,也不能不求甚解,自由發(fā)揮。“ 達(dá)expressiveness”是指語言通順暢達(dá),必須在準(zhǔn)確完整理解原文的基礎(chǔ)上,用流暢明了,合乎英語表達(dá)習(xí)慣的語言表達(dá)出來,而不要出現(xiàn) “中式英語” 或詞語堆砌。 在注重“信”和“ 達(dá)”的基礎(chǔ)上,再稍加注意英文摘要翻譯中譯文的修辭,力求做到“ 雅 gracefulness”, 使文字優(yōu)雅,修飾得當(dāng),使讀者讀來心領(lǐng)神會。
二、常見專業(yè)術(shù)語的選用
1. 蛋白質(zhì)印跡或免疫印跡法
例1:用PCR法檢測各組細(xì)胞的MIB2 mRNA,用蛋白質(zhì)印跡法檢測各組細(xì)胞的MIB2、IκB、NF-κB蛋白,用MTT法檢測各組細(xì)胞的光密度值。(山東醫(yī)藥56卷43期)
MIB2 mRNA was detected by PCR, the expression of MIB2, IκB and NF-κB was detected by Western immunoblotting in each group, and the optical density (OD) values were detected by MTT.
修改后:
MIB2 mRNA was detected by PCR, the expression of MIB2, IκB and NF-κB was detected by Western blotting in each group, and the optical density (OD) values were detected by MTT.
immunoblotting,即蛋白質(zhì)印跡或免疫印跡法,就是Western印跡,Western印跡相應(yīng)的英文是Western blotting,因此,不應(yīng)當(dāng)用Western immunoblotting,有重疊,可直接使用immunoblotting 或Western blotting。
2. 制備
例2:(英文題名)絲素蛋白三維支架的制備及其與骨髓間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞的生物相容性觀察(山東醫(yī)藥56卷16期)
Fabrication of three-dimensional silk fibroin scaffolds and the biocompatibility between scaffolds and BMSCs
修改后:
Preparation of three-dimensional silk fibroin scaffolds and the biocompatibility between scaffolds and BMSCs
英文詞典中,fabrication 的含義為n. 制造,建造;裝配;偽造物;preparation的含義為 n. 預(yù)備;準(zhǔn)備,制備,制劑(醫(yī)學(xué))。所以上句中采用preparation更為合適。
3. 腎透明細(xì)胞癌
例3:探討磁共振體素內(nèi)不相干運(yùn)動擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像(IVIM-DWI) 檢查對腎透明細(xì)胞癌(CCRCC) 的術(shù)前分級診斷效能。(山東醫(yī)藥56卷43期)
The diagnostic value of Diffusion Weighted Imaging Based on Intravoxel Incoherent Motion in preoperative Fuhrman grading of clear cell renal cell carcinoma
修改后:
To investigate the diagnostic value of intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted imaging (IVIM-DWI) in preoperative Fuhrman grading of clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma (CCRCC).
腎透明細(xì)胞癌的準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)應(yīng)為clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma,與此同時,要注重連字符的使用。
4. 非小細(xì)胞肺癌
例4: 觀察鹽酸埃克替尼對非小細(xì)胞肺癌PC-9細(xì)胞增殖, 凋亡的影響,并探討其機(jī)制。
To observe the effect of icotinib hydrochloride on the proliferation and apoptosis of non small lung cancer PC-9 cells and investigate its underlying mechanism.
修改后:
To observe the effect of icotinib hydrochloride on the proliferation and apoptosis of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) PC-9 cells and investigate its underlying mechanism.
非小細(xì)胞肺癌的準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)為non-small-cell lung cancer,與此同時,也要注重連字符的使用。
5. 缺血再灌注損傷
例5:觀察龍膽苦甙(GPS)后處理對離體心肌缺血/再灌注損傷(I/R)的防治作用及其可能的機(jī)制。(山東醫(yī)藥53卷35期)
To investigate the preventive and therapeutic effect of post-treatment with gentiopicroside (GPS) on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion and the underlying mechanism.
修改后:
To investigate the preventive and therapeutic effect of post-treatment with gentiopicroside (GPS) on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and the underlying mechanism.
缺血再灌注損傷的準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)為ischemia-reperfusion injury
6. 成反比,成正比
例6:波長與頻率成反比,而與速度成正比。
The wavelength is inversely proportional to frequency and positively proportional to velocity.
修改后:
The wavelength is inversely proportional to frequency and directly proportional to velocity.
成正比:be (directly) proportional to
成反比:be inversely proportional to
三、常見意義指代不明與語義混淆的句子分析與更正
1.語意不明,that巧用指代
例7:觀察組血漿exosomes表面mTGF-β1表達(dá)陽性率為36.52%±4.26%,高于對照組的9.23%±3.77%(P0.01)。(山東醫(yī)藥56卷44期)
The positive rate of mTGF-β1 expression in the observation group was 36.52% ± 4.26%, which was higher than the control group (9.23% ± 3.77%) (P<0.01).
修改后:
The positive rate of mTGF-β1 expression in the observation group was 36.52% ± 4.26%, which was higher than that (9.23% ± 3.77%) in the control group (P<0.01).
than后面一定要加一個that of或that in,否則比較的對象不同,一個是表達(dá)陽性率,一個是對照組,邏輯上就不通了。
2. 語義混淆
例8:(英文題名)辛芍組方對缺血再灌注損傷后神經(jīng)細(xì)胞氧化應(yīng)激及NF-κB信號通路的影響(山東醫(yī)藥56卷42期)
Effects on NF-κB signaling pathway of the formula of Herba Erigerontis and Radix Paeoniae Rubra in oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation induced PC12 cells
修改后:
Effects of formula of Herba Erigerontis and Radix Paeoniae Rubra in OGD/R on oxidative stress and NF-κB signaling pathway of nerve cell after ischemia-reperfusion injury
題名中想說明的是辛芍組方對氧化應(yīng)激及NF-κB信號通路的影響,但第一句中遺漏了NF-κB信號通路,并且effects of sth. on sth. 這個句式安排的語序出現(xiàn)問題,導(dǎo)致了語義混淆的出現(xiàn),修改后避免了上述問題。
例9:(英文題名)姜黃素逆轉(zhuǎn)慢性阻塞性肺疾病糖皮質(zhì)激素抵抗的作用機(jī)制探討
Mechanism of curcumin reverses glucocorticoid resistance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(山東醫(yī)藥56卷38期)
修改后:
Mechanism of curcumin reversing glucocorticoid resistance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
題名中想探討的是作用機(jī)制,而不是作用機(jī)制逆轉(zhuǎn)慢性阻塞性肺疾病糖皮質(zhì)激素抵抗,第一句翻譯的過程中出現(xiàn)主語的混淆,應(yīng)做第二種修改。
例10:模型組給藥后1、2、4、8周時可見腎小球體積逐漸增大,基底膜逐漸增厚,毛細(xì)血管袢逐漸擴(kuò)張,伴隨腎小管擴(kuò)張或萎縮,可見輕度纖維化。
At 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks, rats of the model group showed gradually enlarged renal glomeruli, thickened basement membrane, and expanded capillary loops, with visible tubular dilatation or atrophy and mild fibrosis.
修改后:
At 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after drug administration, rats of the model group showed gradually enlarged renal glomeruli, thickened basement membrane, and expanded capillary loops, with visible tubular dilatation or atrophy and mild fibrosis.
句子中表達(dá)的時間是給藥后1、2、4、8周,不是在1、2、4、8周,所以應(yīng)當(dāng)加入after drug administration,使語義更明確。
四、結(jié)語
醫(yī)學(xué)翻譯承載了傳播醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)思維、推廣醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)技術(shù)、和普及前沿醫(yī)學(xué)信息的使命,因此對于醫(yī)學(xué)院校本科生、碩士研究生在寫作醫(yī)學(xué)論文摘要時,要將基本的翻譯原則“信”、“ 達(dá)”、“ 雅”應(yīng)用于醫(yī)學(xué)翻譯,與此同時,廣大醫(yī)學(xué)英語翻譯、英文編輯更應(yīng)該將此原則很好的貫徹、以便于更準(zhǔn)確、完整的傳遞醫(yī)學(xué)信息、增加期刊和論文被檢索和引用機(jī)會、吸引讀者、擴(kuò)大期刊的影響力。