關系詞在定語從句中的運用

胡冰星

在復合句中修飾名詞、代詞，并由關系代詞或關系副詞所引導的從句叫定語從句，掌握定語從句的關鍵在關系詞.為幫助廣大中學生更好地掌握關系詞的用法，筆者特作以下整理歸納。

一、關系代詞的用法：引導定語從句的關系代詞有：who、whom、whose、which、that

1.who和whom

（1）who主格，代替人，即它的先行詞必須是人，在從句中做主語. whom 賓格，做賓語。

注：在從句中擔任賓格的whom，當它的前面沒有介詞時，可用who 來代替.當它的前面有介詞時，必須用賓格whom. 介詞+ whom

例如： Whats the name of the girl who often tells jokes？（做從句主語，只能用who）

Mr Li is a man who/whom I have the greatest respect for.

（做賓語，可用who或 whom ）

Mr Li is a man for whom I have the greatest respect .（前有介詞，只能用whom ）

2.whose既是who又是which的所有格，它既可以代人，也可以代物，相當于：of whom或者of which.例如：

He is a scientist whose inventions have won international prize.

= The man is a scientist，the inventions of whom won international prize.

I looked at the picture whose colour was golden.

= I looked at the picture，the colour of which was golden.

3. which和 that

which指物，不能指人；that指物，有時也可以指人

下列情況下，只能that用引導定語從句：

（1）先行詞前面有形容詞最高級、序數詞、all、no、any、few、little、last、only、one of、very等詞修飾時：

例如：This is the best novel that I have read.（正）

This is the best novel which I have read.（誤）

（2）先行詞是all、everything、something、anything、nothing等不定代詞時。

例如：Is there anything that you want to say？

（3）以who、which引出的特殊疑問句中含有定語從句時。

例如：Who is the girl that was praised by her teacher？

Which is the bike that he lost？

（4）先行詞既有人又有物時。

例如：I dont know the things and persons that they are talking about.

（5）有兩個定語從句，其中一個關系代詞已用which，則另一個用that.

例如：Mr Zhang built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.

下列情況下，只能用which引導定語從句。

（1）在非限制定語從句中。例如：

The watch ，which I bought last week，doesnt work.

（2）當關系代詞后面有插入語時。例如

Here is the English-English dictionary which，as I have told you，will help to improve your English.

（3）關系代詞前有介詞時。例如

This is the hotel in which you will stay.

（4） 如有兩個定語從句，其中一句的關系詞是that時.例如

Let me show you the magzine that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.

（5）先行詞本身是that時，例如：

The predicate is that which is said of the subject.

注：在限制性定語從句中，which和that代替物時，可通用。如：

The plane that/which has just taken off is ten minutes later.

二、關系副詞的用法 引導定語從句的關系副詞有：有where、when和why

1.先行詞是表地點的名詞（如 house、room、place），關系副詞用where，例如：

This is the place where I grow up.

2.先行詞是表時間的名詞（如time、week），關系副詞用when，例如：

She came here on the day when I was not at home.

3.reason后面用why，why不能引導非限制性定語從句。例如

Thats the reason why she dislikes him.

4.關系副詞一般可以改為：介詞+which，例如：

This is the house where =（in which）he lived ten years ago.

5.關系代詞that有一種特殊用法，that在限制性定語從句中可以作狀語，代替where、when、why或“介詞+which”。例如：

三、如何選擇關系詞

選擇關系代詞與關系副詞的關鍵在從句中所充當的成分，如果關系詞在從句中作主語、賓語、表語、定語時，只能用關系代詞，如果關系詞在從句中作狀語（時間、地點、原因）則用關系副詞。