趙強,張小明
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急性胰腺炎胰周血管受累的磁共振表現
趙強1,張小明2*
[摘要]目的 探討急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis, AP)胰周血管受累的磁共振表現、發生率;胰周血管受累與磁共振嚴重指數(magnetic resonance severity index,MRSI)的相關性研究。材料與方法 收集川北醫學院附屬醫院2009年8月至2013年8月期間326例AP患者資料。所有病例均簽署知情同意書。AP患者均在住院后3天內行腹部平掃加增強檢查。觀察AP的MRI表現,行MRSI評分,觀察AP的胰周血管異常表現,用Spearman法統計分析血管并發癥與MRSI評分的相關性。結果 326例AP患者中,輕度、中度、重度AP患者胰周血管并發癥發生率分別為3%(4/124)、17%(31/180)、91%(20/22)。其中脾靜脈血栓7例、腸系膜上靜脈血栓5例、脾動脈受侵(炎癥)47例、脾靜脈受侵(炎癥)49例,以上血管并發癥在MRSI評分輕、中、重度患者中發生率差異具有統計學意義,并與MRSI評分呈正相關(P<0.05,0.3<r<0.5);腹腔干受侵(炎癥)21例、門靜脈受侵(炎癥)41例、肝總動脈受侵(炎癥)39例、腸系膜上動脈受侵(炎癥)36例、腸系膜上靜脈受侵(炎癥)24例,以上并發癥在MRSI評分輕、中、重度患者中發生率差異具有統計學意義,但與MRSI評分無明顯相關性(P<0.05,r<0.3);門靜脈血栓4例、脾動脈假性動脈瘤3例,其發生率差異不具有統計學意義,與MRSI評分也無明顯相關性(P>0.05,r<0.3)。結論 AP的胰周血管并發癥較為常見,脾靜脈血栓、脾動靜脈炎癥、腸系膜上靜脈血栓與急性胰腺炎的嚴重程度呈正相關,可以作為一個早期預測AP嚴重程度的指標。
[關鍵詞]急性胰腺炎;磁共振成像;胰周血管并發癥;磁共振嚴重指數
作者單位:1. 重慶市北部新區第一人民醫院放射科,重慶 401121 2. 川北醫學院附屬醫院放射科,南充637000
接受日期:2015-12-30
趙強, 張小明. 急性胰腺炎胰周血管受累的磁共振表現. 磁共振成像, 2016,7(2): 121–125.
*Correspondence to: Zhang XM, E-mail: cjr.zhxm@vip.163.com
Received 7 Dec 2015, Accepted 30 Dec 2015
急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis, AP)是臨床常見的急腹癥,并發癥包括假性囊腫、胰周血管并發癥等[1-3]。胰周血管并發癥的機制可能是AP時滲出胰酶對胰周血管的直接損傷所致[4],胰腺炎總的胰周血管并發癥發生率約1.2%~14%[5-6],假性動脈瘤破裂出血導致的死亡率遠高于未出血患者[6]。CT對AP的診斷、嚴重度的評價均有較高的價值[7-9],Balthazar[8-9]提出的CT嚴重指數(CT severity index, CTSI)能夠判斷重癥AP的預后,CT增強能夠很好地顯示AP的血管并發癥[10],然而CT檢查有電離輻射且碘對比劑可能加重AP的病情[11-12]。血管造影雖是血管病變診斷的金標準,然而屬于有創性檢查。MRI檢查具有無電離輻射、良好的軟組織對比、對比劑安全等優點,已越來越普遍地應用于AP的診斷及嚴重程度的評價。磁共振嚴重指數(MR severity index, MRSI)在評價AP嚴重度方面與CTSI有相似的效能[13];MRI平掃在鑒別AP嚴重度方面比CT增強更可靠[14],在顯示輕度AP、AP并發癥等方面比CT敏感[15];磁共振增強對胰周血管具有良好的顯示率[16]。對于AP血管并發癥CT研究較多,磁共振研究較少,對AP血管并發癥與MRSI之間的相關性研究還沒有文獻報道過,本文將對此做相關研究。
1.1研究對象
回顧性分析2009年8月至2013年8月在川北醫學院附屬醫院住院,并做磁共振平掃加增強的357例AP患者資料。排除了31例,其中肝癌3例,合并胰腺癌9例,胃癌1例,肝硬化10例,臨床資料不全8例。最終納入研究包括326例AP患者,其中男性161例,女性165例,年齡17~88歲,平均(53 ± 15)歲。病因:膽源性57.9%(189/326),高脂飲食16.6%(54/326),酒精性7.4%(24/326),手術引發1.8%(6/326),特發性16.3%(53/326)。所有病例均簽署知情同意書。
納入標準:滿足AP的診斷標準[17];發病后3天內上腹部磁共振平掃加增強檢查;既往無胰周血管疾病及手術史。
排除標準:圖像質量欠佳,影響圖像觀察;合并胰腺癌的胰腺炎;臨床資料不完整;腹腔、腹膜后腫瘤;肝硬化。
1.2MRI檢查技術
檢查機型包括GE Signa Excite 1.5 T和GE 3.0 T Discovery MR750型兩種超導全身磁共振掃描儀。三維肝臟容積快速采集(3D liver acquisition with volume acceleration, LAVA)序列,三期動態增強包括動脈期、胰期、靜脈期,180 s后進行延遲期掃描。動脈期采集應用GE Smartprep軟件,自動跟蹤觸發采集,每一時相采集時間約13~18 s。對比劑為馬根維顯(0.2 mmol/kg,20 ml),經肘正中靜脈Medrad公司磁共振專用高壓雙管注射器注射,速度3.0~3.5 ml/s,注射完后以相同速度20 ml生理鹽水沖洗。
1.3MRI圖像分析
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患者的原始圖像中,1.5 T的上傳至工作站(GE, AW4.1, Sun Microsystems, Palo Alto, CA)進行分析,3.0 T的上傳至工作站(GE, AW4.4)進行分析。由兩名從事腹部MRI診斷的高年資醫師在不知道患者臨床資料(臨床表現、實驗室檢查)的情況下獨立對MRI圖像進行分析,結果不一致時由雙方協商達成一致。
MRSI分值由炎癥程度和壞死程度兩部分組成,炎癥程度:正常胰腺0分,局部或彌漫性胰腺腫大1分,胰周脂肪內條片狀異常信號2分,單一界限不清的漿膜腔積液3分,兩個或以上界限不清的漿膜腔積液或在胰腺內或胰周出現氣體4分;壞死程度:無壞死0分,壞死小于30%為2分,壞死30%~50%為4分,壞死大于50%為6分,兩部分相加即MRSI分值,總分10分。根據MRSI評分,將AP分為:輕度(0~3分)、中度(4~6分)、重度(7~10分)[7]。
1.4統計學分析
Kappa檢驗分析兩名醫師觀察結果的一致性:K≥0.75說明一致性良好,0.4<K<0.75說明一致性一般,K≤0.4則一致性較差。

表1 兩名醫師對于胰周血管并發癥觀察的一致性Tab. 1 The consistency of two physicians for the observation of the peripancreatic vascular involvement
患者年齡、MRSI評分用均數 ± 標準差表示。計算AP胰周血管并發癥的發生率;卡方檢驗或Fisher確切概率法評價MRSI評分輕、中、重度患者胰周血管并發癥發生率是否有差異;Spearman非參數檢驗評價胰周血管并發癥與MRSI的相關性,r<0.3時沒有相關性,0.3≤r <0.5時為低度相關,0.5≤r<0.8為中度相關,r≥0.8為高度相關。本研究所有統計學檢驗均應用SPSS 19統計軟件,P<0.05為統計學有意義。
2.1AP的MRI表現
2.2胰周血管并發癥
16.9%(55/326)的AP患者至少出現一項胰周血管并發癥。兩名醫師對AP胰周血管并發癥診斷的一致性良好(kappa≥0.75)。12%(32/267)的急性間質性AP患者發生胰周血管并發癥,39%(23/59)的壞死性AP患者發生胰周血管并發癥,二者之間的差異具有統計學意義(P<0.05)。輕度、中度、重度A P患者胰周血管并發癥發生率分別為3%(4/124)、17%(31/180)、91%(20/22)。輕度、中度、重度AP胰周血管并發癥發生率見表2。

表2 AP胰周血管并發癥與MRSI評分關系Tab. 2 Relationship between pancreatic vascular involvement of AP and MRSI score
對于AP時胰周血管的化學性炎癥的磁共振表現,國內有少量文獻報道[18],主要表現為平掃T1WI和T2WI血管腔內失去正常的流空信號,呈局部“白血”信號,增強后動脈期血管壁毛糙,管腔狹窄或血管內強化不均勻,見圖1、2。本研究發現隨著AP病情的加重,血管炎癥發生率上升,其中脾動脈炎、脾靜脈炎在MRSI評分輕、中、重度患者的發生率差異具有統計學意義,并與MRSI評分呈正相關,這可能是因為脾動脈、脾靜脈與胰腺的解剖關系更緊密,更能反映AP的嚴重程度。
Bergert等[19]報道AP的假性動脈瘤發病率約為5%,而D?rffel等[20]通過超聲報道189例AP患者中發現13例假性動脈瘤(6.9%),Kirby等[2 1]在Ranson評分大于3分的重癥AP中假性動脈瘤發生率約10%。本研究的發病率較低約1%(僅3例),見圖3,其原因可能是重癥患者少。本研究檢查均在發病3天內檢查,而動脈瘤的形成可能需要較長的時間,D?rffel等[20]通過超聲發現假性動脈瘤形成的時間是3~5周。由于脾動脈緊鄰胰腺走行,因此脾動脈最易受累,其后依次是胃十二指腸動脈、胰十二指腸動脈、胃左動脈、肝總動脈[22]。本研究3例動脈瘤均為脾動脈假性動脈瘤。

圖1 男,33歲,急性胰腺炎。A:動脈期增強示腹腔干、肝總動脈、脾動脈受侵;B、C:橫斷位門脈期增強示門靜脈、腸系膜上靜脈血栓;D:冠狀位延遲期示門靜脈、腸系膜上靜脈血栓 圖2 女,60歲,急性胰腺炎,門靜脈血栓伴動脈炎癥。A:T1WI門靜脈流空信號消失,呈稍高信號;B:T2WI門靜脈內呈稍低信號;C、D:動脈期增強示脾動脈、腸系膜上動脈、肝總動脈管壁毛糙,強化不均勻;E、F:門脈期橫斷位及延遲期冠狀位示門靜脈充盈缺損,胰尾見假性囊腫 圖3 女,54歲,急性胰腺炎,橫斷位動脈期(A)、冠狀位門脈期(B)示脾動脈假性動脈瘤Fig. 1 Thirty-three year old man, acute pancreatitis. A: Arterial phase showed CTI, CHAI, SAI; B, C: Cross sectional portalvenous phase showed PVT and SMVT; D: Coronary delayed phase showed PVT and SMVT. Fig. 2 Sixty year-old woman, AP with PVT and arterial invasion. A: T1WI showed portal vein flow void signal disappeared, slightly high signal; B: T2WI showed slightly lower signal in the portal vein; C, D: Arterial phase showed the wall of SA, SMA, CHA was rough and uneven enhancement; E, F: The portal-venous phase transverse and coronal delayed phase showed portal vein filling defect, pseudocyst of the tail of the pancreas. Fig. 3 Fifty-four year old woman, AP, transverse artery phase(A) and coronal portal-venous phase(B)showed SAP.
Rebours等[23]認為血栓形成的機制主要是胰周炎癥反應以及壞死組織、囊腫對胰周靜脈的壓迫。Harris等[24]在其發現的45例血栓中,AP發病時僅發現8例,發病1個月內發現19例,一個月至一年內發現18例。本研究磁共振檢查均在3天內進行,并且重癥患者少,所以本研究的血栓發生率偏低(14/326)。與文獻報道[25]一致,脾靜脈血栓最常見,有7例,其次是腸系膜上靜脈5例(圖1),門靜脈4例(圖1、2)。血栓均出現在中、重度患者,輕度患者沒有發現血栓。與Mortelé等[4]的研究一致,脾靜脈血栓、腸系膜上靜脈血栓發生率與AP的嚴重程度有關,與MRSI評分呈正相關,而門靜脈血栓發病率與AP的嚴重程度無關,與MRSI評分沒有相關性,原因可能是門靜脈較之脾靜脈、腸系膜上靜脈離胰腺較遠,更容易受全身炎癥反應導致的血液濃縮、血液粘滯度增加影響有關。
綜上所述,AP時胰周血管并發癥較為常見,總的發生率約16.9%,每種并發癥在磁共振上均有較特異的表現。脾靜脈血栓、腸系膜上靜脈血栓、脾動脈及靜脈炎癥的發生率與MRSI評分呈正相關,可以作為評價AP嚴重程度的輔助指標,指導臨床治療方案的選擇。
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Peripancreatic vascular involvement in acute pancreatitis: a MRI study
ZHAO Qiang1, ZHANG Xiao-ming2*1Department of Radiology, First people’s Hospital of Chong Qing New North Zone,Chongqing 401121, China2Department of Radioloy, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College,Nanchong 637000, China
Key wordsAcute pancreatitis; Magnetic resonance imaging; Peripancreatic vascular involvement; MR severity index
AbstractObjective: To study MRI findings of peripancreatic vascular involvement in acute pancreatitis(AP) as well as correlations between vascular involvement and the severity of acute pancreatitis according to the magnetic resonance severity index(MRSI). Materials and Methods: A total of 326 patients with AP admitted to our institution from August 2009 to August 2013 were included in this study. All cases signed informed consent. MRI plain scan and enhanced scan were performed within 72 hours after admission. MRI findings of acute pancreatitis were noted. The peripancreatic vascular involvement was noted in AP on MRI. Spearman correlation of peripancreatic vascular involvement with the MRSI scores were analyzed. Results: At mild, moderate and severe AP according to MRSI, the prevalence of peripancreatic vascular involvement were 3%(4/124), 17%(31/180), 91%(20/22) respectively in 326 patients. The prevalence among splenic vein thrombosis(7 patients), superior mesenteric vein thrombosis(5 patients), splenic vein invasion(49 patients), splenic artery invasion(47 patients) at mild, moderate and severe AP according to MRSI had statistics differences and was positively correlated with the MRSI score (P<0.05,0.3<r<0.5). The prevalence among celiac trunk invasion (21 patients), portal vein invasion (41 patients), common hepatic artery invasion (39 patients), superior mesenteric artery invasion (36 patients), superior mesenteric vein invasion (24 patients) at mild, moderate and severe AP according to MRSI had statistics differencesand was not positively correlated with the MRSI score (P<0.05, r<0.3). The prevalence among portal vein thrombosis (4 patients), splenic artery pseudoaneurysm (3 patients) at mild, moderate and severe AP according to MRSI had not statistics differences and was not positively correlated with the MRSI score (P>0.05, r<0.3). Conclusions: Some patients with AP show peripancreatic vascular involvement on MRI. The prevalence of splenic vein thrombosis, superior mesenteric vein thrombosis,splenic vein invasion and splenic artery invasion has a positive correlation with the severity of AP on MRI.
通訊作者:張小明,E-mail:cjr.zhxm@vip.163.com
收稿日期:2015-12-07
中圖分類號:R445.2;R576
文獻標識碼:A
DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2016.02.007