彭 艷,程 娟
急診與擇期經皮冠狀動脈介入術對ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者左室重構及心功能影響的對比研究
彭 艷,程 娟
830011新疆烏魯木齊市,新疆心腦血管病醫院CCU
【摘要】目的比較急診與擇期經皮冠狀動脈介入術(PCI)對ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者左室重構及心功能的影響。方法選取2013年3月—2014年3月在新疆心腦血管病醫院心內科行急診PCI的116例STEMI患者作為急診PCI組,行擇期PCI的116例STEMI患者作為擇期PCI組,病情穩定未行任何冠狀動脈再灌注治療的116例STEMI患者作為對照組。對照組患者僅給予對癥支持治療,未給予靜脈溶栓或PCI等冠狀動脈再灌注治療;急診PCI組患者在發病12~24 h內入院,入院后立刻行PCI放置支架;擇期PCI組患者在發病24 h后入院,7~10 d后行PCI放置支架。比較3組患者發病1周及6個月左心室舒張末容積指數(LVEDVI)、左心室收縮末容積指數(LVESVI)及左心室射血分數(LVEF);患者均隨訪6個月,記錄隨訪期間因急性心力衰竭或其他心血管疾病再次住院率。結果發病1周,急診PCI組患者LVEDVI、LVESVI小于擇期PCI組和對照組,LVEF高于擇期PCI組和對照組(P<0.05);擇期PCI組和對照組患者LVEDVI、LVESVI及LVEF比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。發病6個月,急診PCI組患者LVEDVI、LVESVI小于擇期PCI組和對照組,LVEF高于擇期PCI組和對照組(P<0.05);擇期PCI組患者LVEDVI、LVESVI小于對照組,LVEF高于對照組(P<0.05)。隨訪期間3組患者因急性心力衰竭或其他心血管疾病再次住院率比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。結論急診與擇期PCI均能有效改善STEMI患者的左室重構和心功能,但急診PCI的改善效果出現更早、更明顯。
【關鍵詞】心肌梗死;血管成形術,氣囊,冠狀動脈;心室重構;心功能
彭艷,程娟.急診與擇期經皮冠狀動脈介入術對ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者左室重構及心功能影響的對比研究[J].實用心腦肺血管病雜志,2016,24(5):68-70.[www.syxnf.net]
Peng Y,Cheng J.Comparative study for influence on left ventricular remodeling and cardiac function of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction between emergency PCI and elective PCI[J].Practical Journal of Cardiac Cerebral Pneumal and Vascular Disease,2016,24(5):68-70.
ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)是心內科常見的心肌梗死類型,是指冠狀動脈突然閉塞導致血流中斷或急劇減少,使部分心肌因嚴重而持久的急性缺血而發生局部壞死[1];該病的主要臨床表現為劇烈而持久的缺血性胸骨后疼痛、發熱、白細胞計數增多、紅細胞沉降率加快、血清心肌酶活性增高及心電圖進行性變化,且心電圖顯示典型的ST段抬高是診斷STEMI的重要依據[2-3]。有研究顯示,心肌梗死后慢性左室重構嚴重損傷患者的左心室功能,導致并發癥發生率和病死率明顯升高[4]。目前,STEMI患者多采用經皮冠狀動脈介入術(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)進行冠狀動脈再灌注治療,以改善患者的心功能和左室重構,降低并發癥發生率,從而提高患者的生活質量。但急診與擇期PCI哪種方案對STEMI患者左室重構和心功能的改善效果更好,目前尚未明確[5-6]。本研究通過比較急診PCI、擇期PCI及未行任何冠狀動脈再灌注治療的STEMI患者的左室重構指標、心功能及因急性心力衰竭或其他心血管疾病再次住院率,旨在探討更有效的STEMI治療方案。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料選取2013年3月—2014年3月在新疆心腦血管病醫院心內科行急診PCI的116例STEMI患者作為急診PCI組,行擇期PCI的116例STEMI患者作為擇期PCI組,病情穩定未行任何冠狀動脈再灌注治療的116例STEMI患者作為對照組。3組患者年齡、性別、Killip分級、心肌梗死部位及合并疾病比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05,見表1),具有可比性。納入標準:(1)符合中華醫學會心血管病學分會制定的STEMI診斷標準[7];(2)患者簽署知情同意書。排除標準:(1)嚴重心、肝、腎等重要臟器器質性病變或伴精神疾病不能配合者;(2)PCI失敗及對本研究所用藥物過敏者。
1.2治療方法對照組患者僅給予阿司匹林、氯吡格雷及β-受體阻滯劑等對癥支持治療,未給予靜脈溶栓或PCI等冠狀動脈再灌注治療。急診PCI組患者在發病12~24 h內入院,入院后立刻口服阿司匹林300 mg和氯吡格雷300 mg進行抗凝治療,然后行PCI放置支架;擇期PCI組患者在發病24 h后入院,入院后先給予對癥支持治療,7~10 d后行PCI放置支架。行PCI的患者術后均給予阿司匹林(100 mg/d)和氯吡格雷(75 mg/d)口服治療,持續服藥1年并輔助冠心病二級預防藥物治療。
1.3觀察指標3組患者均于STEMI發病后1周及6個月進行二維超聲心動圖檢查,記錄左心室舒張末容積指數(LVEDVI)、左心室收縮末容積指數(LVESVI)及左心室射血分數(LVEF);所有患者隨訪6個月,記錄隨訪期間因急性心力衰竭或其他心血管疾病再次住院率。

2結果
2.1LVEDVI、LVESVI及LVEF發病1周,3組患者LVEDVI、LVESVI及LVEF比較,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);其中急診PCI組患者LVEDVI、LVESVI小于擇期PCI組和對照組,LVEF高于擇期PCI組和對照組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);擇期PCI組和對照組患者LVEDVI、LVESVI及LVEF比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。發病6個月,3組患者LVEDVI、LVESVI及LVEF比較,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);其中急診PCI組患者LVEDVI、LVESVI小于擇期PCI組和對照組,LVEF高于擇期PCI組和對照組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);擇期PCI組患者LVEDVI、LVESVI小于對照組,LVEF高于對照組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05,見表2)。
2.2因急性心力衰竭或其他心血管疾病再次住院率隨訪期間對照組患者因急性心力衰竭或其他心血管疾病再次住院5例,再次住院率為3.45%;擇期PCI組患者因急性心力衰竭或其他心血管疾病再次住院2例,再次住院率為1.72%;急診PCI組患者無一例因急性心力衰竭或其他心血管疾病再次住院。3組患者因急性心力衰竭或其他心血管疾病再次住院率比較,差異無統計學意義(χ2=5.540,P=0.063)。

表1 3組患者一般資料比較
注:a為F值

表2 3組患者發病1周和發病6個月LVEDVI、LVESVI及LVEF比較
注:LVEDVI=左心室舒張末容積指數,LVESVI=左心室收縮末容積指數,LVEF=左心室射血分數;與對照組比較,aP<0.05;與擇期PCI組比較,bP<0.05
3討論
心肌梗死發生后心肌和非心肌細胞缺血、細胞外基質表達改變等多種因素會導致心臟梗死區域和非梗死區域結構、代謝和功能發生改變,嚴重損傷患者的心功能,易導致左室重構[8]。目前臨床上治療心肌梗死常行PCI放置支架以疏通梗死血管,從而改善左室重構及心功能。PCI是指通過穿刺股動脈或橈動脈等將導管、導絲、球囊沿動脈送至冠狀動脈相應的狹窄部位,進而進行擴張以消除冠狀動脈狹窄的一種新型的微創治療技術,其可有效降低左心室容量,提高心臟射血功能,但急診PCI和擇期PCI哪種治療方式能更有效地緩解STEMI患者左室重構和心功能尚未明確[9-10]。Guerra等[11]研究認為,急診PCI和擇期PCI均能有效改善STEMI患者的左室重構和心功能,但急診PCI更有效,能在心肌梗死早期降低患者左心室容積、提高心臟射血能力。為此,本研究比較了擇期與急診PCI對STEMI患者左室重構和心功能的影響。
LVEDVI是反映左室重構的一項重要指標,其增大提示左心室舒張末期容量增加,左心室舒張末期壓力(前負荷)增加,進而引起左心房壓力、肺靜脈壓力增加;其減小則提示左心室舒張末期容量減少,可導致心臟向主動脈射血減少,從而引起周圍缺血癥狀。LVESVI與LVEDVI恰好相反,但均屬于反映左室重構的重要指標。LVEF是指每搏輸出量占心室舒張末期容量的百分比,與心肌收縮能力有關,心肌收縮能力越強每搏輸出量越多,LVEF越高。正常情況下LVEF≥50%,LVEF<50%則提示心功能不全。
本研究結果顯示,發病1周,急診PCI組患者LVEDVI、LVESVI小于擇期PCI組和對照組,LVEF高于擇期PCI組和對照組;擇期PCI組和對照組患者LVEDVI、LVESVI及LVEF間無差異;提示急診PCI能早期改善STEMI患者的左室重構和心功能。發病6個月,急診PCI組患者LVEDVI、LVESVI小于擇期PCI組和對照組,LVEF高于擇期PCI組和對照組;擇期PCI組患者LVEDVI、LVESVI小于對照組,LVEF高于對照組;提示擇期和急診PCI均能有效改善STEMI患者的左室重構和心功能,且急診PCI的改善效果更明顯。本研究通過進一步隨訪發現,3組患者因急性心力衰竭或其他心血管疾病再次住院率間無差異。
綜上所述,急診PCI與擇期PCI均能有效改善STEMI患者的左室重構和心功能,但急診PCI的改善效果出現更早、更明顯。
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(本文編輯:謝武英)
Comparative Study for Influence on Left Ventricular Remodeling and Cardiac Function of Patients With ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Between Emergency PCI and Elective PCI
PENGYan,CHENGJuan.
CCUofXinjiangHospitalforCardio-cerebrovascularDisease,Urumqi830011,China
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo compare the influence on left ventricular remodeling and cardiac function of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction between emergency PCI and elective PCI.MethodsFrom March 2013 to March 2014 in the Department of Cardiology,Xinjiang Hospital for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease,116 ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing emergency PCI were selected as A group,116 ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing elective PCI were selected as B group,116 ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients did not receive any coronary artery reperfusion therapy were selected as C group.Patients of C group received symptomatic and supportive treatment,did not received intravenous thrombolysis or PCI,patients of A group received emergency PCI within 12 to 24 hours after attack,while patients of B group received elective PCI within 7 to 10 days after admission.LVEDVI,LVESVI and LVEF after 1 week,6 months of attack were compared among the three groups;all of the patients were followed up for 6 months,and the incidence of rehospitalization caused by acute heart failure or other cardiovascular disease was recorded.ResultsAfter 1 week of attack,LVEDVI and LVESVI of A group were statistically significantly smaller than those of B group and C group,while LVEF of A group was statistically significantly higher than that of B group and C group,respectively(P<0.05);no statistically significant differences of LVEDVI,LVESVI or LVEF was found between B group and C group(P>0.05).After 6 months of attack,LVEDVI and LVESVI of A group were statistically significantly smaller than those of B group and C group,while LVEF of A group was statistically significantly higher than that of B group and C group,respectively(P<0.05);LVEDVI and LVESVI of B group were statistically significantly smaller than those of C group,while LVEF of B group was statistically significantly higher than that of C group(P<0.05).No statistically significant differences of rehospitalization rate caused by acute heart failure or other cardiovascular disease was found among the three groups during the follow-up(P>0.05).ConclusionBoth of emergency PCI and elective PCI can effectively relieve the left ventricular remodeling and improve the cardiac function,but emergency PCI has more early and more effective improvement effect.
【Key words】Myocardial infarction;Angioplasty,balloon,coronary;Ventricular remodeling;Cardiac function
【中圖分類號】R 542.22
【文獻標識碼】B
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1008-5971.2016.05.017
(收稿日期:2016-02-14;修回日期:2016-05-07)
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