高秀娟 陳熹 彥偉 尹婧婧 巴一
血清microRNA在多形性膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤術(shù)預(yù)后評(píng)估中的研究
高秀娟①陳熹②彥偉③④尹婧婧⑤巴一①
目的:篩選多形性膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤(glioblastoma multiform,GBM)患者術(shù)前、術(shù)后血清中差異表達(dá)的microRNAs(miRNAs),并探討差異表達(dá)的miRNAs與患者術(shù)后預(yù)后的相關(guān)性。方法:收集2006年1月至2009年6月48例北京天壇醫(yī)院經(jīng)臨床病理診斷為GBM患者的術(shù)前術(shù)后血清樣本。采用Solexa測(cè)序的方法初步篩選出術(shù)前術(shù)后表達(dá)量有差異的miRNA,用實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR (quantitative real-time PCR,RT-qPCR)的方法對(duì)每個(gè)樣本進(jìn)行逐一驗(yàn)證,應(yīng)用t檢驗(yàn)的方法篩選出滿足條件的miRNA(兩組之間的平均值差異在2倍以上,且P<0.05),對(duì)48例患者進(jìn)行隨訪,統(tǒng)計(jì)生存時(shí)間,根據(jù)48例患者中位生存時(shí)間494 d,將所有標(biāo)本分為長(zhǎng)生存期組和短生存期組,應(yīng)用Kaplan-Meier法和Log-rank檢驗(yàn),研究患者術(shù)后血清miRNAs的表達(dá)量與患者生存時(shí)間之間是否存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果:Solexa結(jié)果顯示,有63個(gè)miRNA表達(dá)量存在差異,基于本研究先前的研究成果和其他文獻(xiàn)的報(bào)道,從中選出4個(gè)miRNA(miR-26b,miR-30e,miR-129-3p,miR-206)進(jìn)行逐一驗(yàn)證并進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,結(jié)果只有1個(gè)miRNAs (miR-30e)在術(shù)后患者血清中的表達(dá)水平有明顯上調(diào)現(xiàn)象(術(shù)前與術(shù)后表達(dá)水平平均值差異≥2倍且P<0.05),隨訪結(jié)果顯示,生存時(shí)間>494 d,患者術(shù)后血清miR-30e的表達(dá)水平有降低的趨勢(shì)(P<0.05),但生存分析顯示,患者術(shù)后血清中miR-30e的表達(dá)量與患者總生存時(shí)間之間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.101)。結(jié)論:GBM患者術(shù)前術(shù)后血清中差異表達(dá)的miRNA只有miR-30e,且術(shù)后患者血清中的miR-30e水平與腫瘤負(fù)荷成負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系。生存分析結(jié)果顯示,術(shù)后患者血清miR-30e的表達(dá)水平與患者的預(yù)后沒有明顯的相關(guān)性。
血清microRNA多形性膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤生物標(biāo)志物術(shù)后評(píng)估m(xù)iR-30e
多形性膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤(glioblastoma multiform,GBM)是最常見的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)原發(fā)性腫瘤,每年有3/10萬(wàn)的新發(fā)病例,大約占所有膠質(zhì)瘤的51%。世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)根據(jù)組織病理類型將膠質(zhì)瘤分為1~4級(jí),GBM屬于4級(jí),為高度惡性。盡管目前GBM的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療方案為聯(lián)合手術(shù)、放療、化療的綜合治療,但其總生存率(overall survival,OS)仍然不容樂觀,中位生存時(shí)間約為14個(gè)月[1]。目前已有大量研究應(yīng)用血清microRNA (miRNA)作為腫瘤的生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物用于診斷與預(yù)后評(píng)估,這使得應(yīng)用血清miRNA判斷GBM患者腫瘤負(fù)荷及術(shù)后預(yù)后情況成為可能[2]。
1.1實(shí)驗(yàn)材料
1.1.1血清標(biāo)本的收集及處理本研究收集的2006年1月至2009年6月48例患者血清樣本均來(lái)自北京天壇醫(yī)院,所有患者均經(jīng)術(shù)后病理確診,且所有標(biāo)本采集前均已簽署知情同意書,術(shù)前和術(shù)后靜脈血標(biāo)本均于術(shù)前未接受任何治療時(shí)及術(shù)后7~10 d采集。
1.1.2主要試劑10×PCR buffer(TaKaRa Bio Group),25 mM MgCl2(TaKaRa Bio Group),10 mM dNTP(TaKaRa Bio Group),Taq酶(TaKaRa Bio Group),Probe(ABI),5× AMV buffer(TaKaRa Bio Group),RT-prime(ABI),AMV酶(TaKaRa Bio Group),水飽和酚(Gibco),DEPC水(Gibco),miR-16(ABI),氯仿(購(gòu)自上海化學(xué)試劑有限公司),異丙醇(購(gòu)自上海化學(xué)試劑有限公司),無(wú)水乙酸鈉(購(gòu)自國(guó)藥集團(tuán)化學(xué)試劑有限公司),無(wú)水乙醇(購(gòu)自上海化學(xué)試劑有限公司)。
1.1.3實(shí)驗(yàn)儀器Centrifuge 5417R型臺(tái)式離心機(jī)(Eppendorf),純水儀(Millipore),PTC-1148 PCR儀(Bio-Rad),ABI Prism 7300熒光定量PCR儀(ABI),各量程移液器(Gilson)。
1.2方法
1.2.1血清制備取5 mL促凝生化管1只,標(biāo)記住院號(hào)/ID、姓名、采血時(shí)間,采集患者血5 mL,顛倒混勻,室溫放置20 min;室溫22~25℃,3 000 r/min,10 min。放入-80℃冰箱保存。
1.2.2用于Solexa測(cè)序的血清總RNA的提取將混合血清分別裝于已標(biāo)記的除酶的50 mL離心管中,加入TRIzol(體積為血清體積的2倍),用力震蕩混勻,室溫靜置15 min,離心,收集上清,加入與上清等體積的異丙醇沉淀,-20℃,沉淀2 h,離心,棄上清,取沉淀,用2 mL 75% 的DEPC乙醇,逐個(gè)清洗離心管,分裝到除酶的1.5 mL EP管中,離心,然后用2 mL的TRIzol逐個(gè)清洗乙醇洗滌后的離心管,將乙醇清洗液離心,去上清,取沉淀。用TRIzol清洗液再次清洗至沉淀完全溶解。加入TRIzol 1/5體積的氯仿,混勻靜止10 min,離心,取上清(400~600 μL)加入等體積的異丙醇,沉淀,-20℃,2 h,離心,棄上清,取沉淀,加入1 mL 75%乙醇洗滌,渦旋后離心,棄上清,取沉淀,待沉淀干燥后,加20 μL DEPC水溶解,待沉淀溶解后,放入-80℃冰箱保存,待測(cè)序。
1.2.3Solexa測(cè)序服務(wù)由深圳華大基因科技服務(wù)有限公司提供。
1.2.4用于實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,qRT-PCR)的血清RNA的提取取100 μL血清加入300 μL DEPC水中,充分震蕩混勻后加入200 μL酸性酚(pH=4.7~5.5),劇烈震蕩混勻后加入200 μL氯仿,再次充分震蕩后,靜置15 min,離心。吸取上清液(約400 μL),加入800 μL異內(nèi)醇并加入醋酸鈉(pH=5.2,3 M)40 μL,充分混勻,-20℃靜置>2 h,離心。充分棄上淸后,加入75%乙醇1 mL,輕柔顛倒數(shù)次,離心,棄上清,室溫晾干后,加入20 μL DEPC水,溶解后放入-80℃冰箱保存。
1.2.5逆轉(zhuǎn)錄逆轉(zhuǎn)錄反應(yīng)體系為10 μL,在0.2 mL薄壁管中依次加入DEPC水4μL,5×AMVbuffer 2μL,dNTP mixture 1 μL,AMV酶0.5 μL,RT-Primer 0.5 μL,和RNA 2 μL充分混勻離心后置于PCR儀,設(shè)置逆轉(zhuǎn)錄程序?yàn)?6℃30 min、42℃30 min、85℃5 min、4℃forever。
1.2.6RT-qPCRRT-qPCR反應(yīng)體系為20 μL,向EP管中分別加入dd H2O 14.77 μL,10×buffer 2 μL,MgCl21.2 μL,dNTPs mixture 0.4 μL,Taq酶0.3 μL,TaqMan probe+primer 0.33 μL,和cDNA 1 μL,每個(gè)標(biāo)本每種miRNA做3次重復(fù),每塊96孔板中均用已知濃度的miR-16成熟體經(jīng)逆轉(zhuǎn)錄生成的cDNA等濃度梯度(10倍為1個(gè)階梯)稀釋后做標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線,設(shè)置反應(yīng)程序?yàn)?5℃5 min、95℃15 s、60℃l min。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
采用SPSS 19.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。術(shù)前與術(shù)后miR-30e的表達(dá)水平采用t檢驗(yàn)分析,以P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。用miR-30e濃度的均值做為分界點(diǎn),將術(shù)后所有患者的miR-30e的濃度分為兩組,采用Kaplan-Meier法和Log-rank檢驗(yàn),并繪制生存曲線,以P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1Solexa測(cè)序結(jié)果
術(shù)前術(shù)后血清中,表達(dá)量有差異的miRNA共63個(gè)。根據(jù)本研究先前的研究和其他文獻(xiàn)的研究成果、血清樣本量的多少、miRNAs表達(dá)量差異的大小,我們選出4個(gè)miRNAs做為后續(xù)RT-qPCR的驗(yàn)證。
2.2qRT-PCR結(jié)果
在Solexa篩選出的miRNA中,選出表達(dá)差異較大的4個(gè)miRNAs(miR-26b,miR-30e,miR-129-3p,miR-206),見表1。做qRT-PCR,逐一檢測(cè)濃度,選出與Solexa結(jié)果趨勢(shì)一致、術(shù)前術(shù)后濃度差異在2倍以上且差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的miRNA。結(jié)果顯示只有miR-30e滿足條件,術(shù)前術(shù)后變化倍數(shù)為5.91,P= 3.37×10-14(表2,圖1)。
2.3隨訪及生存分析結(jié)果
經(jīng)過(guò)術(shù)后隨訪統(tǒng)計(jì)患者的生存期,根據(jù)48例GBM患者生存時(shí)間的中位數(shù)為494 d,將患者分為兩組,生存時(shí)間≥494 d者為長(zhǎng)生存期組,反之則為短生存期組。長(zhǎng)生存期組術(shù)后血清miR-30e的表達(dá)水平較短生存期組低(圖2)。以miR-30e表達(dá)水平的中位數(shù)為界點(diǎn),將48例患者分為兩組做生存分析及Log-rank檢驗(yàn)。檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,術(shù)后患者血清中miR-30e表達(dá)水平與GBM患者的生存時(shí)間無(wú)明顯相關(guān)性(P=0.101,圖3)。

表1 篩選miRNAs的Solexa測(cè)序結(jié)果Table 1 Solexa sequencing copies of four selected miRNAs in the sera collected pre-and post-operation

表2 48例GBM患者術(shù)前術(shù)后血清miRNAs的比較Table 2 miRNA expression levels,fold changes,and P-values of the sera of 48 patients with GBM pre-and post-operation

圖1 48例GBM患者術(shù)前術(shù)后血清miR-30e表達(dá)水平比較Figure 1 miR-30e expression in the sera of 48 patients with GBM preand post-operation

圖2 24例長(zhǎng)生存期患者和24例短生存期患者術(shù)后血清miR-30e表達(dá)水平比較Figure 2 miR-30e expression in the sera of long-(n=24)and short-(n= 24)survival patients with GBM post-operation

圖3 48例患者術(shù)后血清中miR-30e不同表達(dá)水平生存曲線的比較Figure 3 Comparison of the survival curves of different plasma miR-30e expression levels of patients with GBM post-operation
近年來(lái),血清miRNA運(yùn)用于臨床診斷的研究已在世界范圍內(nèi)廣泛開展,而且在腫瘤的早期診斷上取得較大成果,并且隨著檢測(cè)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步而獲得更多的可用于疾病診斷的血清miRNA。通過(guò)與疾病相關(guān)的血清miRNA最新技術(shù)手段的規(guī)范化和商業(yè)化,使血清miRNA可能成為新的疾病診斷和預(yù)后的標(biāo)志物。Hu等[3]在對(duì)非小細(xì)胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)研究中應(yīng)用Solexa法對(duì)長(zhǎng)期生存患者與短期生存患者血清miRNA進(jìn)行初選,并獲得11種在兩組血清中均有表達(dá),且表達(dá)差異至少為5倍的miRNA。隨后該研究在使用qRT-PCR法對(duì)更多血清樣本進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證,最終發(fā)現(xiàn)4種具有顯著差異且可用于NSCLC的生存預(yù)期的血清miRNA (miR-1、miR-30d、miR-486、miR-499)。GBM是一種最常見的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)原發(fā)性腫瘤,是惡性程度最高的一種膠質(zhì)瘤,盡管近年來(lái)腫瘤治療的手段有很大的提高,但是GBM患者的預(yù)后仍沒有明顯的提高與改善。
近年來(lái),與膠質(zhì)瘤相關(guān)的miRNA的研究越來(lái)越多,集中在膠質(zhì)瘤組織miRNA表達(dá)譜分析上,并在此基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)一些特異性變化的miRNA靶標(biāo)及相關(guān)功能進(jìn)行研究,探討miRNA在膠質(zhì)瘤中的作用和機(jī)制。膠質(zhì)瘤組織中的miRNA大體分為兩種,一種是保護(hù)性的,參與“抗腫瘤”過(guò)程,另一種是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性的,參與“促腫瘤”過(guò)程。保護(hù)性的miRNA有:miR-21[4-9]、miR-221/222[10-14]、miR-23a[15]、miR-10b[16]、miR-381[17]、miR-372[18]、miR-30e*[19]等。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性的有:miR-34a[20-22],miR-146a[23],miR-124,miR-128,miR-146b,miR-218[24]、miR-326[25]、miR-885-5p、miR-491-5p[26]、miR-25、miR-32[27]等。
關(guān)于GBM患者血清中的miRNAs的研究相對(duì)較少。血清中的miR-21、miR-128和miR-342-3p的表達(dá)水平與正常對(duì)照組相比有很大的差異。通過(guò)這3 個(gè)miRNAs可以區(qū)分出GBM患者與非GBM患者,且具有相當(dāng)高的靈敏性和特異性。這3個(gè)miRNAs在接受手術(shù)和放化療后都恢復(fù)到正常水平。miR-128和miR-342-3p與膠質(zhì)瘤的病理級(jí)別關(guān)系呈正相關(guān)。利用循環(huán)miRNAs穩(wěn)定的特點(diǎn),通過(guò)高通量、涵蓋廣的miRNAs芯片技術(shù),分析發(fā)現(xiàn)19個(gè)GBM患者血漿中差異表達(dá)在1.5倍以上的miRNAs,其中3個(gè)表達(dá)上調(diào),16個(gè)表達(dá)下調(diào)。這些差異表達(dá)的miRNAs可為早期診斷提供非侵入性的篩選方法。此外,miR-30c-2-3p高表達(dá)與GBM患者不良預(yù)后相關(guān)[28]。目前,細(xì)胞外miRNAs的來(lái)源尚未完全清楚。部分研究者認(rèn)為,細(xì)胞外的miRNAs是通過(guò)微囊泡的形式從細(xì)胞中釋放出來(lái)。有研究也證明出膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞也釋放含有miRNAs的微囊泡[29]。這些微囊泡的直徑在50~500nm之間。然而,也有研究認(rèn)為,這些細(xì)胞外的miRNAs是以與蛋白結(jié)合成復(fù)合物的形式存在,而不是存在于微囊泡中。綜合以上結(jié)論,本研究推測(cè),GBM患者血清中的miRNAs可能是從膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞中分泌出來(lái)后,通過(guò)某種機(jī)制(尚未確定)中部分破壞的血腦屏障,進(jìn)入血液循環(huán)。有趣的是,一些miRNAs在不同體液中的表達(dá)水平不同。由于血腦屏障的存在,系統(tǒng)的研究膠質(zhì)瘤患者血清中miRNAs的來(lái)源,及其與組織中miRNAs之間的關(guān)系是十分有必要的。
miR-30e定位于1號(hào)染色體的1p34.2[29],被認(rèn)為是放療誘導(dǎo)的miR-30e,通過(guò)促進(jìn)細(xì)胞基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶MMP-2,來(lái)提高膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲性。這一過(guò)程還伴隨著EGFR的上調(diào),和下游一些生物活性物質(zhì)的激活,EGFR的上調(diào)是由于miR-30e增強(qiáng)EGFR蛋白的穩(wěn)定性[30]。miR-30e還有許多其他功能,包括:促進(jìn)放療后神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的增殖,負(fù)性調(diào)節(jié)NK細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞毒性,調(diào)節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)錄生長(zhǎng)因子β誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的陳生,互相調(diào)節(jié)成骨細(xì)胞及脂肪細(xì)胞的分化[31-32]。在其他腫瘤中,miR-30e的功能是多種多樣的。在多種腫瘤中,miR-30e已經(jīng)被證明是腫瘤抑制因子。miR-30e在慢性髓系白血病(chronic myeloid leukemia,CML)細(xì)胞系與患者組織中低表達(dá),通過(guò)下調(diào)BCR-ABL的表達(dá)抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的增值,誘導(dǎo)凋亡,增加治療敏感性[33]。在乳腺癌的標(biāo)本中,miR-30e的表達(dá)量是下降的,而外源性的在多種腫瘤中,miR-30e已經(jīng)被證明是腫瘤抑制因子。可抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞的增值。在肺癌組織中,miR-30e的表達(dá)量下降,而外源性的miR-30e可抑制細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng),發(fā)揮抑癌基因的作用[34]。在鼻咽癌組織中,miR-30e聯(lián)合其他4個(gè)miRNAs,有判斷預(yù)后的作用,且miR-30e與鼻咽癌的無(wú)疾病生存期關(guān)系呈正相關(guān)[35]。已有研究證明GBM細(xì)胞可釋放MVs。根據(jù)本研究結(jié)果假設(shè)推論,術(shù)后GBM患者血清中miR-30e水平較術(shù)前上升的原因可能為GBM細(xì)胞可能通過(guò)某種未知機(jī)制抑制miR-30e的產(chǎn)生或抑制其釋放入血,術(shù)后這種抑制作用被解除,大量含有miR-30e的微囊泡釋放入血。而復(fù)發(fā)時(shí)血清中的miR-30e的水平很可能會(huì)相應(yīng)降低,這使得miR-30e可能成為預(yù)測(cè)GBM患者復(fù)發(fā)的潛在生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物。
因此本研究收集48例GBM患者術(shù)前和術(shù)后血清miRNA,采用Solexa技術(shù)和RT-qPCR技術(shù)對(duì)這些樣本進(jìn)行篩選和逐一檢測(cè),并進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析最后得出結(jié)論。可以應(yīng)用患者術(shù)后血清中miR-30e的表達(dá)水平檢測(cè)術(shù)后患者的腫瘤負(fù)荷情況,從而初步判斷患者的預(yù)后。目前對(duì)于血清miRNA的研究還處于起步階段,隨著對(duì)血清miRNA的作用機(jī)制研究的深入,也會(huì)促進(jìn)對(duì)血清miRNA與相應(yīng)疾病之間生理生化關(guān)系的認(rèn)識(shí)。進(jìn)而明確血清miRNA在疾病發(fā)生發(fā)展中的具體作用。
[1]Adamson C,Kanu OO,Mehta AI,et al.Glioblastoma multiforme:a review of where we have been and where we are going[J].Expert Opin Investig Drugs,2009,18(8):1061-1083.
[2]Liu R,Chen X,Du Y,et al.Serum microRNA expression profile as a biomarker in the diagnosis and prognosis of pancreatic cancer[J]. Clin Chem,2012,58(3):610-618.
[3]Hu Z,Chen X,Zhao Y,et al.Serum microRNA signatures identified in a genome-wide serum microRNA expression profiling predict survivalof non-small cell lung cancer[J].Clin Oncol,2010,28(10):1721-1726.
[4]Hermansen SK,Dahlrot RH,Nielsen BS,et al.MiR-21 expression in the tumor cell compartment holds unfavorable prognostic value in gliomas[J].J Neurooncol,2013,111(1):71-81.
[5]Han L,Yue X,Zhou X,et al.MicroRNA-21 expression is regulated by β-catenin/STAT3 pathway and promotes glioma cell invasion by direct targeting RECK[J].CNS Neurosci Ther,2012,18(7):573-583.
[6]Gwak HS,Kim TH,Jo GH,et al.Silencing of microRNA-21 confers radio-sensitivity through inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway and enhancing autophagy in malignant glioma cell lines[J].PLoS One,2012,7(10):e47449.
[7]Wang J,Li Y,Wang X,et al.Ursolic acid inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human glioblastoma cell lines U251 by suppressing TGF-β1/miR-21/PDCD4 pathway[J].Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol,2012,111(2):106-112.
[8]Zhang S,Wan Y,Pan T,et al.MicroRNA-21 inhibitor sensitizes human glioblastoma U251 stem cells to chemotherapeutic drug temozolomide[J].J Mol Neurosci,2012,47(2):346-356.
[9]Qian X,Ren Y,Shi Z,et al.Sequence-dependent synergistic inhibition of human glioma cell lines by combined temozolomide and miR-21 inhibitor gene therapy[J].Mol Pharm,2012,9(9):2636-2645.
[10]Galardi S,Mercatelli N,F(xiàn)arace MG,et al.NF-kB and c-Jun induce the expression of the oncogenic miR-221 and miR-222 in prostate carcinoma and glioblastoma cells[J].Nucleic Acids Res,2011,39(9):3892-3902.
[11]Quintavalle C,Garofalo M,Zanca C,et al.miR-221/222 overexpession in human glioblastoma increases invasiveness by targeting the protein phosphate PTPμ[J].Oncogene,2012,31(7):858-868.
[12]Hao JW,Zhang CZ,Zhang AL,et al.miR-221/222 is the regulator of Cx43 expression in human glioblastoma cells[J].Oncol Rep,2012,27(5):1504-1510.
[13]Zhang C,Zhang J,Hao J,et al.High level of miR-221/222 confers increased cell invasion and poor prognosis in glioma[J].J Transl Med,2012,10(1):1-11.
[14]Chen L,Zhang J,Han L,et al.Downregulation of miR-221/222 sensitizes glioma cells to temozolomide by regulating apoptosis independently of p53 status[J].Oncol Rep,2012,27(3):854-860.
[15]Tan X,Wang S,Zhu L,et al.cAMP response element-binding protein promotes gliomagenesis by modulating the expression of oncogenic microRNA-23a[J].ProcNatlAcadSciUSA,2012,109(39):15805-15810.
[16]Sun L,Yan W,Wang Y,et al.MicroRNA-10b induces glioma cell invasion by modulating MMP-14 and uPAR expression via HOXD10[J]. Brain Res,2011,1389(7):9-18.
[17]Tang H,Liu X,Wang Z,et al.Interaction of hsa-miR-381 and glioma suppressor LRRC4 is involved in glioma growth[J].Brain Res,2011,1390(20):21-32.
[18]Li G,Zhang Z,TuY,et al.Correlationof microRNA-372upregulationwith poor prognosis in human glioma[J].Diagn Pathol,2013,8(1):e28.
[19]Jiang L,Lin C,Song L,et al.MicroRNA-30e*promotes human glioma cell invasiveness in an orthotopic xenotransplantation model by disrupting the NF-κB/IκBα negative feedback loop[J].J Clin Invest,2012,122(1):33-47.
[20]Sun L,Wu Z,Shao Y,et al.MicroRNA-34a suppresses cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in U87 glioma stem cells[J].Technol Cancer Res Treat,2012,11(5):483-490.
[21]Silber J,Jacobsen A,Ozawa T,et al.miR-34a repression in proneural malignant gliomas upregulates expression of its target PDGFRA and promotes tumorigenesis[J].PLoS One,2012,7(3):e33844.
[22]Yu X,Zhang W,Ning Q,et al.MicroRNA-34a inhibits human brain glioma cell growth by down-regulation of Notch1[J].Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology-Medical Sciences,2012,32(3):370-374.
[23]Mei J,Bachoo R,Zhang CL.MicroRNA-146a inhibits glioma development by targeting Notch1[J].Mol Cell Biol,2011,31(17):3584-3592.
[24]Bo Y,Guo G,Yao W.MiRNA-mediated tumor specific delivery of TRAIL reduced glioma growth[J].J Neurooncol,2013,112(1):27-37.
[25]Wang S,Lu S,Geng S,et al.Expression and clinical significance of microRNA-326 in human glioma miR-326 expression in glioma[J]. Med Oncol,2013,30(1):373.
[26]Yan W,Zhang W,Sun L,et al.Identification of MMP-9 specific microRNA expression profile as potential targets of anti-invasion therapy in glioblastoma multiforme[J].Brain Res,2011,1411(1):108-115.
[27]Suh SS,Yoo JY,Nuovo GJ,et al.MicroRNAs/TP53 feedback circuitry in glioblastoma multiforme[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,2012,109 (14):5316-5321.
[28]Wang ZQ,Wang HY,Deng ML,et al.Plasma MicroRNA expression profiles in glioblastoma[J].The Practical Journal of Cancer,2015,30 (4):475-478.[汪志強(qiáng),王輝云,鄧美玲,等.膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤患者血漿miRNA表達(dá)譜研究[J].實(shí)用癌癥雜志,2015,30(4):475-478.]
[29]Zhang R,Wang YQ,Su B.Molecular evolution of a primate-specific microRNA family[J].Mol Biol Evol,2008,25(7):1493-1502.
[30]Kwak SY,Kim BY,Ahn HJ,et al.Ionizing radiation-inducible miR-30e promotes glioma cell invasion through EGFR stabilization by directly targeting CBL-B[J].FEBS J,2015,282(8):1512-1525.
[31]Jiang L,Qiu W,Zhou Y,et al.A microRNA-30e/mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 axis mediates TGF-β1-induced tubular epithelial cell extracellular matrix production and kidney fibrosis[J].Kidney Int,2013,84(2):285-296.
[32]Wang J,Guan X,Guo F,et al.miR-30e reciprocally regulates the differentiation of adipocytes and osteoblasts by directly targeting lowdensity lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6[J].Cell Death Dis,2013,4(10):e845.
[33]Hershkovitz-Rokah O,Modai S,Pasmanik-Chor M,et al.MiR-30e induces apoptosis and sensitizes K562 cells to imatinib treatment via regulation of the BCR-ABL protein[J].Cancer Lett,2015,356(2):597-605.
[34]Wu F,Zhu S,Ding Y,et al.MicroRNA-mediated regulation of Ubc9 expression in cancer cells[J].Clin Cancer Res,2009,15(5):1550-1557.
[35]Liu N,Chen NY,Cui RX,et al.Prognostic value of a microRNA signature in nasopharyngeal carcinoma:a microRNA expression analysis [J].Lancet Oncol,2012,13(6):633-641.
(2016-04-08收稿)
(2016-06-07修回)
(編輯:孫喜佳校對(duì):鄭莉)
Serum microRNA profiles as novel biomarkers for the post-operative evaluation and survival of patients with glioblastoma multiform
Xiujuan GAO1,Xi CHEN2,Wei YAN3,4,Jingjing YIN5,Yi BA1
Correspondence to:Yi BA;E-mail:yiba99@yahoo.com
1Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology,Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy,Tianjin 300060,China;2State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology,Nanjing University,Nanjing 210093,China;3First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University,Nanjing,210000,China;4Beijing Tiantan Hospital,Beijing 100050,China;5Aerospace Central Hospital,Beijing 100049,China
Objective:To investigate the differentially expressed miRNAs in serum collected post operation and compared these miRNAs with those collected pre-surgery among patients suffering from glioblastoma multiform(GBM)and undergoing regular clinical follow-up.These miRNAs may be potential biomarkers for the post-operative evaluation of patients with GBM.Methods:Forty-eight patients with GBM and clinical pathological diagnosis were enrolled in this study.In the initial biomarker screening stage,total RNAs were extracted and subjected to Solexa sequencing to select miRNAs with significantly altered expression pre-and post-operation. Some of these differentially expressed miRNAs were chosen and verified through TaqMan probe-based qRT-PCR assay.A t-test was performed to determine the miRNAs that satisfied the two criteria,namely,fold change>2 and P<0.05.All of the patients were followed-up,and survival data were collected.The patients were then classified into two groups,namely,long-and short-survival groups,on the basis of the median of the miR-30e expression levels in the sera collected post-operation.Kaplan-Meier method and Log-rank test(SPSS version 19.0,IBM)were employed to determine the possible relationships between miR-30e expression levels in the sera collected post-operation and patients'overall survival.Results:Solexa revealed 63 differentially expressed miRNAs.Four miRNAs,namely,miR-26b,miR-30e,miR-129-3p,and miR-206,were selected on the basis of previous and present findings.These miRNAs were then verified in the RT-qPCR phase.Among these miRNAs,only miR-30e was significantly upregulated post-operation.The serum miR-30e expression level post-operation was not significantly associated with the overall survival of the patients.A low miR-30e expression level corresponded to prolonged survival.Conclusion:miR-30e was upregulated in the sera collected post-operation from patients with GBM.This miRNA may be negatively related to the tumor load of these patients.The miR-30e expression level in the serum col-lected post-surgery serum was not significantly associated with overall survival.Therefore,miR-30e may serve as a novel potential noninvasive biomarker for the post-operative evaluation of patients with GBM.
serum miRNA,GBM,biomarker,post-operative evaluation,miR-30e
10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2016.13.395
①天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院消化腫瘤科,國(guó)家腫瘤臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心,天津市腫瘤防治重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(天津市300060);②南京大學(xué)醫(yī)藥生物技術(shù)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室;③南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院;④北京天壇醫(yī)院;⑤北京航天中心醫(yī)院
巴一yiba99@yahoo.com

高秀娟專業(yè)方向?yàn)槟[瘤的早期診斷與治療。E-mail:xiujuangaodoctor@163.com