于方,鄧海月,姜紅
(中國醫科大學附屬第一醫院兒科,沈陽 110001)
咪唑立賓對單側輸尿管梗阻小鼠腎小管上皮間質轉化的影響
于方,鄧海月,姜紅
(中國醫科大學附屬第一醫院兒科,沈陽 110001)
目的觀察咪唑立賓(MZR)對單側輸尿管梗阻(UUO)小鼠腎小管上皮間質轉化(EMT)的影響,探討其抗腎間質纖維化機制。方法將24只CD1小鼠隨機分為假手術組、UUO模型組和MZR治療組,每組8只。造模前1 d,MZR治療組給予MZR [10 mg/(kg·d)]灌胃,假手術組、UUO模型組給予等量生理鹽水灌胃。術后14 d收集小鼠血液,記錄血肌酐(Scr)和尿素氮(BUN);收集梗阻側腎臟,HE染色、Masson染色觀察腎臟病理改變;免疫組化、Western blot檢測α?平滑肌肌動蛋白(α?SMA)和E?鈣黏蛋白(E?Cad)在腎臟的表達。結果與假手術組相比,UUO模型組血肌酐、尿素氮顯著升高,腎組織病理改變明顯,腎組織中α?SMA表達增加而E?Cad表達減少,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);與UUO模型組相比,MZR治療組Scr、BUN及腎組織病理改變均不同程度改善,腎組織中α?SMA表達受抑而E?Cad表達上調,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。結論MZR可抑制UUO小鼠腎小管EMT的發展,減輕腎小管間質纖維化程度,改善腎功能。
單側輸尿管梗阻;上皮間質轉化;咪唑立賓
網絡出版地址
腎小管間質纖維化是所有慢性腎臟病發展為終末期腎衰竭的共同通路,其發生機制復雜,臨床缺乏有效的治療措施[1]。研究[2]發現腎小管上皮間質轉化(epithelial?mesenchymal transition,EMT)在腎小管間質纖維化的發生中起重要作用,抑制EMT的發展可以起到抗腎纖維化的治療作用。如何抑制或逆轉EMT已成為國內外研究的熱點。咪唑立賓(mizoribine,MZR)是一種新型免疫抑制劑,主要用于器官移植及自身免疫性疾病的治療。研究[3]發現,MZR可以改善腎間質纖維化程度,保護腎功能。但MZR對腎小管EMT是否有影響尚無明確定論。本研究通過構建小鼠單側輸尿管梗阻(unilater?al ureteral obstruction,UUO)模型,觀察梗阻側腎組織中α?平滑肌肌動蛋白(α?smooth muscle actin,α?SMA)、E?鈣黏蛋白(E?cadherin,E?Cad)的表達,分析MZR對腎小管EMT的影響,為臨床治療慢性腎臟病提供新靶點。
1.1材料
動物:SPF級健康雄性CD1小鼠,3~4周齡,體質量18~22 g,由北京維通利華生物技術有限公司提供[許可證號:SCXK(京)2012?0001]。主要試劑:MZR(大連美侖生物技術有限公司,批號:A1202A);兔抗鼠α?SMA抗體(美國Epitomics公司,批號:1181?4)、兔抗鼠E?Cad抗體(北京博奧森生物公司,批號:ZS?7870);Masson三色染色試劑盒(南京森貝伽生物科技有限公司);SP免疫組化試劑盒及DAB顯色試劑盒(北京中杉金橋生物技術有限公司)。
1.2方法
1.2.1動物分組及處理:24只CD1小鼠飼養于中國醫科大學實驗動物中心,自由攝食及飲水。適應性喂養1周后隨機分為假手術組、UUO模型組及MZR治療組,每組8只小鼠。模型制備過程為10%水合氯醛3 mL/kg腹腔注射麻醉小鼠,俯臥位固定于小鼠手術臺上,備皮消毒后于小鼠左側背部肋脊角處縱向切開約0.5 cm切口,游離左腎及左側輸尿管,于腎底處及其下方0.5 cm處雙向結扎輸尿管并于兩結扎點之間離斷,觀察無活動性出血后逐層縫合腹腔。假手術組僅游離左側輸尿管不結扎。給藥過程為術前1 d,MZR治療組給予MZR 10 mg/(kg·d)溶于0.1 mL生理鹽水中灌胃,假手術組及UUO模型組給予等量生理鹽水灌胃。術后14 d處死全部小鼠。處死方法為眼球摘除法留取1.5~2 mL血液,斷頸處死小鼠后迅速取出梗阻側腎臟,去除腎包膜,生理鹽水沖洗后沿冠狀面切開,部分迅速固定于4%多聚甲醛中,部分迅速放于-80℃冰箱中冷凍。
1.2.2指標檢測:將小鼠全血放入離心機中,以3 500 r/min,4℃離心10 min,留取血清。用全自動生化分析儀測血肌酐(serum creatinine,Scr)及尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)含量。
1.2.3腎臟病理組織學:腎組織固定48 h后常規石蠟包埋,切片厚4 μm,行HE、Masson染色。其中,Masson染色切片置于400倍光學顯微鏡下觀察,每張切片隨機選取10張不含腎小球及小血管的不重復視野,以腎間質藍色膠原沉積為陽性信號,使用Image?Pro Plus 6.0圖像分析軟件計算腎間質陽性藍染面積占整個視野面積的百分比,取均值作為該標本的腎間質纖維化相對面積。
1.2.4免疫組織化學染色:采用SP法檢測腎組織中α?SMA、E?Cad的表達。常規石蠟包埋、切片、烤片、脫蠟、水化;3%過氧化氫消除內源性過氧化物酶;微波修復抗原;正常山羊血清工作液封閉20 min;滴加一抗α?SMA、E?Cad(1∶100),4℃孵育過夜;加入生物素標記二抗15 min;顯微鏡下控制DAB顯色時間;蘇木素復染5 min,脫水、透明,封片。以圖片中出現棕黃色顆粒為陽性結果,PBS作一抗陰性對照。400倍光學顯微鏡下,每張切片隨機選取5個不含腎小球的小管間質區域,用Image?Pro Plus 6.0圖像分析軟件計算平均光密度值(累積光密度值/視野面積),取均值作比較。
1.2.5Western blot檢測α?SMA、E?Cad的表達:用勻漿器充分研磨、勻漿凍存的腎組織,加入細胞裂解液裂解細胞,冰浴30 min,分裝于離心管中,于4℃16 000 r/min離心30 min,取上清;BCA法定量蛋白質;50 μg蛋白上樣,行12%聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳,半干法轉移至PVDF膜上,5%脫脂牛奶封閉;加入一抗α?SMA、E?Cad(1∶500),4℃孵育過夜;加入辣根過氧化物酶標記的二抗(1∶5 000),室溫孵育2 h,ECL顯影。以GAPDH為內參,采用Image J圖像分析軟件進行分析。
1.3統計學分析
2.1Scr和BUN結果
與假手術組相比,UUO模型組及MZR治療組小鼠Scr、BUN明顯升高,差異有統計學意義(P<0.01);與UUO模型組相比,MZR治療組小鼠Scr、BUN降低,差異有統計學意義(P<0.01)。見表1。
2.2腎組織病理改變
2.2.1HE染色:假手術組無明顯病理改變;UUO模型組腎小管萎縮,管腔明顯擴張,可見蛋白管型,間質內大量炎性細胞浸潤;MZR治療組上述改變較UUO模型組不同程度減輕。見圖1。
2.2.2Masson染色:假手術組腎間質未見異常;UUO模型組腎間質內可見較多藍色膠原纖維沉積,腎間質纖維化相對面積較假手術組明顯增加,差異有統計學意義(P<0.01);MZR治療組腎纖維化相對面積較UUO模型組減小,差異有統計學意義(P<0.01)。見圖2,表2。
表1 各組小鼠血清Scr和BUN的變化(±s)Tab.1 Changes of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen in mice of each group(x±s)

表1 各組小鼠血清Scr和BUN的變化(±s)Tab.1 Changes of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen in mice of each group(x±s)
1)P<0.01 compared with sham group;2)P<0.01 compared with UUO model group.
Group n BUN(mmol/L) Scr(μmol/L)Sham group 8 6.10±0.57 59.99±4.21 UUO model group 8 12.00±0.851) 85.25±3.971)MZR treatment group 8 9.26±0.652) 72.45±3.532)

圖1 各組小鼠腎組織病理改變 HE×400Fig.1 Histological changes of kidney tissue in each group HE×400

圖2 各組小鼠腎組織病理改變 Masson×400Fig.2 Histological changes of kidney tissue in each group Masson×400
表2 各組小鼠腎間質纖維化相對面積(±s)Tab.2 The relative area of renal interstitial fibrosis in mice of each group(±s)

表2 各組小鼠腎間質纖維化相對面積(±s)Tab.2 The relative area of renal interstitial fibrosis in mice of each group(±s)
RIF,renal interstitial fibrosis.1)P<0.01 compared with sham group;2)P<0.01 compared with UUO model group.
Group n Relative area of RIF Sham group 8 0.057±0.022 UUO model group 8 0.426±0.0671)MZR treatment group 8 0.158±0.0312)
2.3免疫組化檢測α?SMA、E?Cad在腎組織中的表達
2.3.1α?SMA在腎臟的表達:假手術組小鼠腎小管上皮細胞幾乎不表達α?SMA;UUO模型組腎小管上皮細胞大量表達α?SMA,差異有統計學意義(P<0.01);MZR治療組小鼠α?SMA表達較UUO模型組減少,差異有統計學意義(P<0.01)。見圖3,表3。
2.3.2E?Cad在腎臟的表達:假手術組腎小管上皮細胞大量表達E?Cad;UUO模型組E?Cad表達較假手術組明顯減少,差異有統計學意義(P<0.01);MZR治療組E?Cad表達較UUO模型組增加,差異有統計學意義(P<0.01)。見圖4,表3。

圖3 α?SMA在各組小鼠腎臟的表達 SP法×400Fig.3 Expression of α?SMA in the kidney of mice in each group SP×400
表3 各組小鼠腎組織α?SMA、E?Cad表達的平均光密度值(±s)Tab.3 The mean optical density value of α?SMA and E?Cad expression in the kidney tissue of each group(±s)

表3 各組小鼠腎組織α?SMA、E?Cad表達的平均光密度值(±s)Tab.3 The mean optical density value of α?SMA and E?Cad expression in the kidney tissue of each group(±s)
1)P<0.01 compared with sham group;2)P<0.01 compared with UUO model group.
Group n a?SMA E?cad Sham group 8 0.012±0.005 0.091±0.009 UUO model group 8 0.060±0.0071) 0.016±0.0051)MZR treatment group 8 0.028±0.0092) 0.060±0.0072)

圖4 E?Cad在各組小鼠腎臟的表達 SP法×400Fig.4 Expression of E?Cad in the kidney of mice in each group SP×400
2.4腎組織α?SMA、E?Cad的表達
Western blot結果顯示,與假手術組相比,UUO模型組小鼠腎組織中α?SMA表達增加而E?Cad表達減少,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);與UUO模型組相比,MZR治療組小鼠腎組織α?SMA表達減少而E?Cad表達增加,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。見圖5。
小鼠UUO模型可以反映人體腎間質纖維化過程,是研究腎小管EMT及評價慢性腎臟病治療方法的理想模型,目前已廣泛應用[4?5]。腎小管EMT即腎小管上皮細胞轉化為成纖維細胞或肌成纖維細胞的過程,主要表現為細胞上皮標志物表達減少而間質標志物表達增多,細胞獲得遷移能力向間質內遷移,細胞外基質合成增多,從而導致腎間質纖維化的發展[6?7]。
MZR是日本學者于1971年從土壤的真菌培養液中分離獲得的咪唑核苷類抗代謝藥,能特異性地抑制快速增長的淋巴細胞的分裂和增殖。口服吸收迅速,藥物濃度在2 h達到峰值[8]。其作用機制主要是抑制核酸代謝中的嘌呤合成,競爭性的抑制次黃嘌呤核苷酸脫氫酶和鳥苷酸合成酶,使鳥苷酸合成減少,阻止細胞由G1期進入S期,從而抑制細胞的增殖[8]。臨床上,MZR最早用于預防腎移植術后的排斥反應,與其他免疫抑制劑相比,其不良反應較少,安全性較高,能有效的降低免疫抑制劑治療后的病毒感染[9?11]。目前逐漸用于狼瘡性腎炎、腎病綜合征、紫癜性腎炎、IgA腎病[12?15]等治療,并取得了一定的療效,但具體機制尚不完全清楚,可能與其抗感染及免疫抑制作用相關。早期研究[3]發現MZR可以通過抑制UUO大鼠腎組織中巨噬細胞浸潤及α?SMA表達改善腎間質纖維化。最新研究[16]發現MZR聯合應用血管緊張素Ⅱ受體拮抗劑類藥物對大鼠慢性腎毒性具有協同保護作用。MZR聯合應用直接腎素抑制劑阿利吉侖可更明顯地抑制UUO大鼠腎間質纖維化程度[17]。此外,YAMABE等[18]發現MZR可通過抑制單核細胞趨化蛋白1及巨噬細胞炎性蛋白2,從而抑制大鼠腎小球上皮細胞的增殖。
本研究中MZR治療組小鼠Scr、BUN及腎組織病理改變較UUO模型組改善,提示MZR可以保護腎功能、減輕腎臟的病理損害。此外,免疫組化及Western blot結果顯示UUO模型組小鼠腎組織中α?SMA表達明顯增加而E?Cad表達明顯減少,說明模型組腎間質纖維化過程中存在EMT;MZR治療組小鼠腎組織中α?SMA表達較UUO模型組受抑而E?Cad表達較UUO模型組上調,提示MZR可在一定程度上抑制腎小管EMT發展。
綜上所述,MZR作為一種新型免疫抑制劑,可有效保護腎功能,改善腎臟病理損害,對延緩腎間質纖維化起積極作用,其機制可能與其抑制腎小管EMT有關,為臨床治療慢性腎臟病提供了新思路。調控腎小管EMT的系統復雜[6],MZR通過何種途徑抑制EMT有待于進一步研究。

圖5 Western blot檢測各組小鼠腎組織α?SMA和E?Cad的表達Fig.5 α?SMA and E?Cad expression in kidney tissue in each group by means of Western blot
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(編輯于溪)
Effects of Mizoribine on Renal Tubular Epithelial?mesenchymal Transition in Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction Mice
YU Fang,DENG Haiyue,JIANG Hong
(Department of Pediatrics,The First Hospital,China Medical University,Shenyang 110001,China)
ObjectiveTo observe the effects of mizoribine(MZR)on renal tubular epithelial?mesenchymal transition(EMT)of mice which have been performed unilateral ureteral obstruction(UUO),and study the mechanism of its anti?fibrosis of renal interstitial.MethodsA total of 24 CD1 mice were randomly divided into sham group,UUO model group and MZR treatment group,with 8 mice in each group.The day before op?eration,mice of MZR treatment group had been given MZR 10 mg/kg/d lavage,those of sham group and UUO model group had been given equal saline lavage.Fourteen days after the operation,blood was collected and serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were measured;the obstruction kidneys were harvested for section,HE staining and Masson staining were employed to observe the changes of kidney pathological;the expression of α?SMA and E?Cad in kidney with detected by immunohistochemical and Western blot method.ResultsCompared with sham group,serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen of mice in UUO model group and MZR treatment group were significantly elevated,kidney pathological chang?es and the expression of α?SMA in renal tissue were increased and that of E?Cad was reduced,the differences were all statistically significant(P<0.05);compared with UUO model group,mice in MZR treatment group had different degree of improvements in serum creatinine,blood urea ni?trogen and kidney pathological changes,the expression of α?SMA in renal tissue was inhibited and that of E?Cad was increases,and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).ConclusionMZR may inhibit the development of renal tubular EMT in UUO mice,thereby reduce the level of renal tubule interstitial fibrosis and improve renal function.
unilateral ureteral obstruction;epithelial?mesenchymal transition;mizoribine
R692.6
A
0258-4646(2016)08-0728-05
10.12007/j.issn.0258?4646.2016.08.014
高等學校博士學科點專項科研基金(20122104110001)
于方(1992-),女,碩士研究生.
姜紅,E-mail:jianghong724@163.com
2015-11-12
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