李小毛 黃珊瑜 楊越波 葉青劍 葉敏娟
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·臨床研究論著·
中晚期宮頸癌的臨床特點與篩查策略分析
李小毛黃珊瑜楊越波葉青劍葉敏娟
目的分析中晚期宮頸癌的臨床特點,探討篩查策略。方法收集239例宮頸癌患者的臨床資料,按其FIGO分期分組,其中早期(Ⅰa1~Ⅰb2期)組91例(38.1%)、中晚期(Ⅱ~Ⅳ期)組148例(61.9%),比較2組的臨床特征。結果早期組患者發病年齡為(46.8±10.3)歲,高峰年齡段為40~50歲,中晚期組發病年齡為(52.6±9.9)歲,高峰年齡段為45~60歲,2組發病年齡比較差異有統計學意義(P<0.001)。早、中晚期組患者中,年齡≤35歲患者分別占14.3%、4.1%,2組比較差異有統計學意義(P<0.01);絕經后發病者分別占30.8%、52.7%,2組比較差異有統計學意義(P<0.01)。早期組患者中城市戶籍、農村戶籍分別占44.0%、56.0%,中晚期組為17.6%、82.4%,2組比較差異有統計學意義(P<0.001);早期組患者文化程度為小學及以下、中學、大專及以上分別占31.9%、50.5%、17.6%,中晚期組患者相應為49.3%、45.3%、5.4%,2組比較差異亦有統計學意義(P<0.01)。中晚期組患者臨床首發癥狀為接觸性陰道流血者比例低于早期組患者(26.4%、45.1%,P<0.01)。結論與早期宮頸癌患者相比,中晚期宮頸癌患者具有發病年齡晚、絕經后發病比例高、農村戶籍所占比例高、文化水平相對低、不易被早發現的特點。因此,為了早期發現宮頸癌變,改善宮頸癌患者預后及生活質量,需要合理分配社會醫療資源,適當調整政府政策,更應關注文化水平低的農村中年婦女。
中晚期宮頸癌;臨床特點;篩查策略
宮頸癌是女性常見生殖系統惡性腫瘤。據統計,我國宮頸癌發病率為13/100 000,死亡率為3/100 000[1]。近年來,隨著宮頸癌三階梯防癌篩查的普及,宮頸癌的早診、早治成為可能,大大降低宮頸癌的發病率,但中晚期宮頸癌所占比例及其病死率仍居高不下,不容樂觀。中晚期宮頸癌患者治療后的生活質量、健康狀況評分差,且有更高比例的焦慮障礙[2-3]。為此,本研究回顧性分析我院近年收治的中晚期宮頸癌患者病例,并與同期收治的早期宮頸癌患者作對照,探討中晚期宮頸癌的臨床特點,分析子宮頸防癌篩查重點人群,提高篩查的社會經濟效益,以期降低中晚期宮頸癌發病率、病死率,改善宮頸癌患者的預后。
一、研究對象
2013至2015年我院收治的經病理活組織檢查(活檢)首次確診的宮頸癌患者239例,按其FIGO分期分組,分為早期(Ⅰa1~Ⅰb2期)組91例(38.1%)、中晚期(Ⅱ~Ⅳ期)組148例(61.9%)。
二、研究方法
收集239例患者的臨床資料,比較早期組與中晚期組在發病年齡、年輕(≤35歲)患者比例、戶籍、文化程度、臨床表現及癥狀持續時間的差異。
三、統計學處理

一、早期組和中晚期組宮頸癌患者的發病年齡差異
早期組患者發病年齡分布于23~75歲,高峰年齡段為40~50歲,中晚期組患者發病年齡分布于23~79歲,高峰年齡段為45~60歲(圖1)。早期組患者發病年齡為(46.8±10.3)歲,中晚期組發病年齡為(52.6±9.9)歲,2組比較差異有統計學意義(t=4.372,P<0.001)。
早期宮頸癌患者中年齡≤35歲者13例(14.3%),中晚期患者中≤35歲者6例(4.1%),2組比較差異有統計學意義(χ2=8.062,P<0.01);早期宮頸癌患者中,絕經后發病者28例(30.8%),中晚期患者中,絕經后發病者78例(52.7%),2組比較差異有統計學意義(χ2=10.984,P<0.01)。

圖1 早期組、中晚期組患者宮頸癌患者的發病年齡分布直方圖
二、早期組和中晚期組宮頸癌患者的戶籍差異
早期宮頸癌患者中,城市戶籍、農村戶籍分別為40例(44.0%)、51例(56.0%);中晚期患者中,城市戶籍、農村戶籍分別為26例(17.6%)、122例(82.4%),2組比較差異有統計學意義(χ2=19.631,P<0.001)。
三、早期組和中晚期組宮頸癌患者的文化程度差異
早期宮頸癌患者中,文化程度為小學及以下、中學、大專及以上分別為29例(31.9%)、46例(50.5%)、16例(17.6%);中晚期患者中,文化程度為小學及以下、中學、大專及以上分別為73例(49.3%)、67例(45.3%)、8例(5.4%),2組比較差異有統計學意義(Z=3.257,P<0.01)。
四、早期組和中晚期組宮頸癌患者的癥狀表現及持續時間差異
宮頸癌患者的臨床癥狀表現多為同房后陰道流血、陰道異常流血流液、下腹痛等。早期、中晚期組患者癥狀持續時間分別為5.5、6.4月,2組比較差異無統計學意義(Z=1.237,P>0.05)。其中,臨床首發癥狀為同房后陰道流血者,早期宮頸癌患者中有41例(45.1%),中晚期患者中有39例(26.4%),2組比較差異有統計學意義(χ2=8.852,P<0.01)。

表1 早期組和中晚期組宮頸癌患者的臨床特點比較
宮頸癌患者往往因同房后陰道流血就診,當腫瘤進一步發展出現浸潤生長時,可出現不規則陰道流血、排液、疼痛等癥狀。部分宮頸癌患者在體檢被發現,此類患者多數相對早期,早期宮頸癌患者經手術治療預后較好,因此,為早期發現宮頸病變,進行宮頸癌的篩查有其必要性。目前,宮頸癌的篩查主要是“三階梯防癌篩查”,包括宮頸細胞學篩查、人乳頭瘤狀病毒(HPV)DNA檢測、陰道鏡下多點活檢[4]。上述以細胞學檢查為主的宮頸癌初篩策略,可有效降低宮頸癌的發病率[5]。然而,細胞學檢查存在一定的假陽性率,HPV DNA檢測在監測子宮頸病變有較高的敏感度[6]。臨床上常將HPV DNA與細胞學檢查聯合進行宮頸癌初篩,可更加準確、早期發現子宮頸癌變[7]。陰道鏡下多點活檢則進一步放大病灶,利用醋酸及碘試驗判斷子宮頸病變范圍,結合病理活檢可及時、準確發現病灶[8]。
在進行宮頸癌篩查普及的同時,應強調有組織、高效地進行防癌篩查。在發達國家,政府機構組織進行的宮頸細胞學篩查項目,大大降低了宮頸癌的發病率和病死率。在宮頸癌高發病率的發展中國家地區,往往因無組織的篩查甚至是無任何篩查措施,宮頸癌未得到很好的控制[9]。以往宮頸癌發病高風險的香港、臺灣、新加坡地區,因有效的宮頸癌篩查手段的普及,其宮頸癌的發病率在短期內得到很好的控制[10]。在宮頸癌發病風險較低的中東地區,因缺乏有組織宮頸癌篩查項目、宮頸癌診斷水平差,宮頸癌的發病率、病死率并沒有得到相應水平的控制[11]。因此,在強調宮頸癌篩查普及的同時,進行有效的宮頸防癌篩查,才能發揮其降低宮頸癌發病率、病死率的作用,提高其社會經濟價值。
本研究發現,中晚期組宮頸癌患者平均發病年齡較早期組患者大,年輕患者所占比例低,絕經后發病比例較高。該組以同房后陰道流血為首發癥狀表現者較早期組患者相對少,提示中晚期宮頸癌患者可能因性生活頻率下降,不易自我早期發現。本研究還發現,中晚期組宮頸癌患者中農村戶籍所占比例相對高、文化水平相對低。農村地區經濟水平所限,衛生健康宣教和醫療設備資源相對不足,農村婦女文化程度低、保健意識不強,腫瘤被發現時相對期別較晚。
多項研究表明,世界各地宮頸癌的篩查情況有其社會人口學特征,多數地區中高薪階層、教育水平高、持有社會保險的人群宮頸癌的篩查率較高[12]。在收入水平低下的地區,宮頸癌篩查仍不容樂觀,貧困地區的女性,在診斷為宮頸癌時,往往期別較晚,且有較高的病死率[13-14]。通過對宮頸癌篩查相關知識的教育普及,能夠大幅降低宮頸癌的發病率[15]。因此,為有效改善宮頸癌預后、充分發揮子宮頸防癌篩查的社會經濟價值,應加強對農村地區、文化水平低的人群的篩查和宣教。我國腫瘤登記數據表明,城市地區45~50歲組宮頸癌發病率達高峰,而農村地區55~60歲組年齡段發病率達高峰,相對城市地區晚,隨著年齡的增長,宮頸癌的病死率呈上升趨勢,且農村地區各年齡組的病死率均高于城市地區[1]。國外學者研究也表明,農村地區宮頸癌篩查率遠低于城市地區,且隨著年齡的增加,浸潤性宮頸癌的發生率逐漸上升,其預后也明顯較差[16-17]。這與農村地區醫療衛生資源匱乏,診療條件低下,年長患者健康保健意識差,同房次數少,不容易被發現,導致就診晚等有關。因此,篩查重點向農村中年婦女轉移,加強農村及中年婦女對宮頸癌的認識、提高農村醫療水平,對降低宮頸癌病死率有重大意義。
在城鄉地區經濟、醫療水平差異較大的現狀下,為充分發揮我國宮頸癌篩查的社會經濟價值,降低宮頸癌的發病率、病死率,提高宮頸癌患者的預后及生活質量,需要合理分配社會醫療資源,適當調整政府政策,更應關注文化水平低的農村中年婦女。
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(本文編輯:林燕薇)
Analysis of clinical characteristics and screening strategies in advanced cervical cancer
Li Xiaomao, Huang Shanyu, Yang Yuebo, Ye Qingjian, Ye Minjuan.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University,Guangzhou 510630, China Corresponding author, Li Xiaomao, E-mail: tigerlee777@163.com
ObjectiveTo analyze the clinical characteristics of advanced cervical cancer, and to explore new screening strategy. Methods239 cases of patients with cervical cancer were collected, according to the FIGO staging. 91 patients (38.1%) were in early stage (FIGO Ⅰa1-Ⅰb2) of cervical cancer, while 148 patients (61.9%) were in advanced stage (FIGO Ⅱ-Ⅳ), the clinical features between the two groups were compared. ResultsThe onset age was (46.8 ± 10.3) years old in the early group, whose peak ages were at the range of 40 to 50 years old, the age of onset in advanced group was (52.6 ± 9.9) years old, whose peak ages were at the range of 45 to 60 years old, there was significant difference between the two groups (P<0.001). In early and advanced group, age less than or equal to 35 years old accounted for 14.4% and 4.1%, respectively (P<0.01); and after postmenopause, the incidence of onset were 30.8% and 52.7%, respectively, there was statistically difference between the two groups (P<0.01). In early group of patients, household registration of urban and rural accounted for 44% and 56%, respectively, while in advanced stage group of patients, which accounted 17.6% and 82.4%, respectively, there were statistically difference between the two groups (P<0.001). The education level of elementary school or below, secondary school, college or above accounted for 31.9%, 50.5% and 17.6% respectively in early group, and in advanced stage group of patients which education degree were corresponding 49.3%, 45.3% and 5.4% respectively, the difference was also statistically significant between the two groups (P<0.01). Contact bleeding as first symptom in the advanced groups was found in 26.4% patients, significantly lower than 45.1% in the early group(P<0.01). ConclusionsCompared with patients in early stage cervical cancer, advanced cervical cancer patients have characteristics of late onset ages, high proportion in postmenopausal women, high proportion of rural household registration, relatively low level of culture and difficult finding. Thus, in order to find early cervical cancer, and improve the prognosis and life quality of patients, it is of great necessary to reasonably reallocate social resources, appropriately adjust government policy, and more attention should be given to the low culture level of rural middle-aged women.
Advanced cervical cancer; Clinical characteristics; Screening strategy
10.3969/j.issn.0253-9802.2016.08.008
510630 廣州,中山大學附屬第三醫院婦科
,李小毛,E-mail: tigerlee777@163.com
2016-03-04)