劉曉梅,張瑾熔,阿衣古麗·哈熱,帕麗達·阿皮孜阿吉,盧喜,伊斯刊達爾·阿布力米提
(新疆醫科大學附屬腫瘤醫院胸腹放療科,烏魯木齊 830011)
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食管癌同步放化療后營養風險因素分析
劉曉梅,張瑾熔,阿衣古麗·哈熱,帕麗達·阿皮孜阿吉,盧喜,伊斯刊達爾·阿布力米提
(新疆醫科大學附屬腫瘤醫院胸腹放療科,烏魯木齊 830011)
目的探討食管癌患者同步放化療后營養風險增加的相關因素。方法前瞻性納入同步放化療食管癌患者68例,采用患者自評-主觀全面評定量表(PG-SGA)進行營養風險評分。所有患者接受早期營養教育并對重度營養不良者進行短期營養支持,于放療結束再次營養評估。根據入院時PG-SGA評分將患者分為輕中度營養不良組[PG-SGA(B)組]和重度營養不良組[PG-SGA(C)組]。收集放化療前后的體質量、清蛋白(Alb)、血紅蛋白(Hb)、白細胞、血小板、中性粒細胞、淋巴細胞、單核細胞等客觀營養指標。結果PG-SGA(B)組24例,PG-SGA(C)組44例;兩組性別、年齡和民族差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。放化療前兩組Hb和Alb差異無統計學意義(P>0.05),放化療后PG-SGA(B)組Hb(χ2=2.710;P=0.009)和Alb(χ2=3.743;P=0.000)均高于PG-SGA(C)組。兩組體質量指數(BMI)在放化療前后差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05),體質量下降百分比差異無統計學意義(P=0.487)。放化療后PG-SGA評分與放化療前后Hb、Alb、BMI參數的變化及體質量下降百分比呈正相關(rs=0.240、0.249、 0.282、0.447,P<0.05)。結論較差的營養不良認知,放化療前后Hb、Alb、BMI參數的變化及體質量下降百分比是食管癌放化療后營養風險增加的因素。
食管腫瘤;同步放化療;營養風險;營養支持
食管癌是世界第八大常見的腫瘤,在我國常見死因中排第4位[1]。手術切除是食管癌標準的治療方案,但大多數食管癌患者發現時已屬于中晚期,失去了手術機會,根據食管腫瘤的相關指南[2],推薦未手術的食管癌患者行同步放化療。營養不良是和腫瘤并存的潛在的嚴重疾病,可以影響患者的生活質量,加重患者治療中的不良反應。約40%的患者并非死于癌癥本身,而是死于營養不良和由營養不良導致的相關并發癥[3]。本研究通過對同步放化療食管癌患者進行營養評估,來了解放化療后營養風險增加的相關因素。
1.1一般資料前瞻性納入2014年3月至2015年7月未手術的初治食管癌68例,于入院48 h內完成自評-主觀全面評定量表(PG-SGA)營養風險評估,對所有患者進行早期營養教育,重度營養不良者接受5~7 d腸內營養支持。共68例完成了同步放化療,放射治療總劑量60~66 Gy/30~33 f,同步2周期化學治療(鉑類加氟尿嘧啶)。根據入院時PG-SGA評分將患者分為輕中度營養不良組[PG-SGA(B)組]和重度營養不良組[PG-SGA(C)組]。PG-SGA(B)組24例,PG-SGA(C) 組44例;全組年齡41~80歲,平均年齡(64.5±9.6)歲;病理類型為鱗癌。兩組民族、分期及腫瘤的分化程度等基線資料差異均無統計學意義(P>0.05),見表1。收集患者放化療前后的體質量、血紅蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb)、清蛋白(albumin,Alb)、白細胞、血小板、中性粒細胞、淋巴細胞、單核細胞等客觀營養指標。納入標準:年齡18~80歲;病理證實為食管癌;可經口進食或經營養管/造瘺口行腸內營養; KPS評分大于或等于70分;預計生存期大于或等于3個月。排除標準:無營養不良;重度營養不良者經營養干預后營養狀況未改善仍無法進行放化療;已行手術治療(活檢除外);原發灶或淋巴結曾行放射治療、化學治療、靶向治療。
1.2方法于入院第2天清晨空腹抽取肘靜脈血,測定Alb、Hb、白細胞、血小板、中性粒細胞、淋巴細胞、單核細胞。身高和體質量分別精確到0.5 cm和0.5 kg。客觀營養指標的變化為放化療前與放化療后的差值。體質量丟失百分比=(放療前體質量-放療后體質量)/放療前體質量。營養狀況評估:PG-SGA(B)級(2~8分)為輕中度營養不良,PG-SGA(C)級(≥9分)為重度營養不良。

2.1兩組營養指標的比較放化療后PG-SGA(C)組有12例營養分級降為PG-SGA(B)組,PG-SGA(B)組有6例營養分級升為PG-SGA(C)級。放化療前兩組Hb和Alb差異無統計學意義(t=-0.308,P=0.759;t=0.899,P=0.372);放化療后PG-SGA(B)組Hb(χ2=2.710;P=0.009)和Alb(χ2=3.743;P=0.000)均高于PG-SGA(C)組。兩組體質量指數(BMI)在放化療前后差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05),但是體質量丟失百分比差異無統計學意義(P=0.487),見表2。

表1 68例食管癌患者的基本資料

表2 兩組客觀營養指標的比較±s)
2.2放化療后PG-SGA評分與客觀指標的相關性分析放化療后PG-SGA評分與放化療前后Hb降低、Alb降低、BMI降低、體質量丟失百分比呈正相關(rs=0.240、0.249、0.282、0.447,P<0.05)。
PG-SGA作為腫瘤患者營養篩查工具有較高的敏感度和特異度[4],也是美國營養師協會及中國抗癌協會腫瘤營養支持治療專業委員會推薦的臨床營養狀況評估工具。相關研究證實營養不良增加治療的不良反應及感染率,同時也降低了治療的反應性、依從性、患者的生活質量甚至影響患者的生存[5]。對于行同步放化療的食管癌,治療導致其代謝加快及治療相關的不良反應會進一步加重營養不良[1,6-7]。所以本研究對放化療食管癌患者進行營養風險評估,并對營養不良者進行早期營養教育及合理的營養支持,了解營養咨詢對食管癌患者的影響。
相關研究證實由于進食梗阻[1,8]、厭食癥[9]、腫瘤導致的惡病質[10]等原因,約80%的食管癌患者在早期階段就存在營養不良[11]。本研究食管癌患者在治療前均存在輕度及以上的營養不良,考慮與不能耐受手術患者的體質差有關。為保證治療的順利進行,在營養評估時對所有患者進行了個體化營養教育并對重癥營養不良者進行了短期的營養支持,相關研究也證實短期的營養支持有利于治療的順利進行[2,10,12]。
放化療后PG-SGA(C)組有12例營養分級降為PG-SGA(B)級,PG-SGA(B)組有6例營養分級升為PG-SGA(C)級。雖然兩組營養分級的變化沒有差異,但是仍然提示早期營養教育咨詢及短期的營養干預有利于重癥營養不良患者營養狀況的改善,這與Isenring 等[13]的研究一致。PG-SGA(B)組有部分患者升級為重度營養不良,可能是由于輕中度營養不良者對營養不良的認識不足以至于對營養教育的接納性較差,所以臨床工作中,需要加強醫師和患者對輕中度營養不良的認識,這部分患者仍是營養干預的對象。
蛋白和體質量是臨床營養檢測的快反應指標。本研究放化療后PG-SGA(B)組患者的Hb、Alb和BMI均高于PG-SGA(C)組;放化療后PG-SGA評分與放療前后Hb降低、Alb降低、BMI降低、體質量丟失百分比呈正相關,說明放化療過程中Hb、Alb、BMI及體質量下降越多,PG-SGA評分越高,患者放化療后營養狀況越差。雖然放化療可以降低骨髓細胞的增生,誘導紅細胞、白細胞、淋巴細胞的減少,但是本研究放化療后Hb仍在正常范圍內或輕度降低,白細胞、血小板、淋巴細胞也與放化療后PG-SGA評分無關,這與Vasson等[10]結論一致。關于血清Alb,相關研究認為其半衰期是21 d,對于短期內產生的營養不良,并不是一個可靠的臨床營養指標[2,14]。體質量作為營養評估的指標,相關研究[15]認為維持放化療過程中的體質量或控制體質量丟失預示預后較好。本研究兩組體質量下降百分比差異無統計學意義(P>0.05),可能與PG-SGA(C)組早期給予了短期營養支持及患者對營養不良的深刻認識有關,相關的臨床隨機研究也證實個體化營養教育咨詢與體質量維持相關[16]。放療后PG-SGA評分與體質量丟失百分比呈正相關,這與孫曉紅等[17]的研究結論一致。
由于單個營養指標不能準確地反映患者的營養狀況,所以為更好地評估患者的營養狀態需要聯合實驗室檢查和PG-SGA量表[18]。營養不良可以發生在食管癌放化療的整個過程中[19],所以放化療過程中及時監測患者的營養指標,并對其進行適當干預有可能維持患者的營養狀態或延緩營養狀況惡化。
盡管納入的病例數不足以強有力地反映PG-SGA(B)組與PG-SGA(C)組的差異,但仍發現早期營養教育及短期營養支持是食管癌治療的重要組成部分,PG-SGA(C)組對營養咨詢及營養干預依從性較好;PG-SGA(B)組對營養不良的認識欠佳,是營養風險增加的因素。放化療前后Hb、Alb、BMI參數的變化及體質量下降百分比是放化療后營養風險增加的因素,治療過程中需要及時監測并給予適當干預。
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Analysis of nutritional risk factors in esophageal cancer after concurrent chemoradiotherapy
LiuXiaomei,ZhangJinrong,Ayiguli·Hare,Palida·Apiziaji,LuXi,Yisikandaer·Abulimiti
(DepartmentofThoracoabdominalRadiotherapy,AffiliatedTumorHospitalofXinjiangMedicalUniversity,Urumqi,Xinjiang830011,China)
ObjectiveTo explore the nutritional increased risk related factors in esophageal cancer patients after chemoradiotherapy.MethodsSixty-eight esophageal cancer patients undergoing concurrent chemoradiotherapy were prospectively investigated.The patient-generated subjective global assessment(PG-SGA) was adopted to grade the nutritional risk.All of the patients received early nutrition education and short-term nutrition support for severe malnutrition,nutritional status was assessed again at the end of radiotherapy.The patients were divided into the mild-to-moderate malnutrition group[PG-SGA(B)group] and the severe malnutrition group [PG-SGA(C)group] according to the PG-SGA score on admission.The body mass,albumin(Alb),hemoglobin(Hb),white blood cells,platelets,neutrophils,lymphocytes,monocytes and other objective nutrition indicators were collected before and after chemoradiation.ResultsThere were 24 cases in the PG-SGA(B) group and 44 cases in the PG-SGA(C) group;the gender,age and ethnic had no statistical differences between the two groups(P>0.05).Hb(χ2=2.710,P=0.009) and Alb(χ2=3.743,P=0.000) before chemoradiotherapy had no statistical difference between the two groups(P>0.05);Hb and Alb after chemoradiotherapy in the PG-SGA(B) group were higher than those in the PG-SGA(C) group.The body mass index(BMI)before and after chemoradiotherapy had statistically significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05).The percentage of body mass decrease in the two groups had no statistical significance (P=0.487).The PG-SGA scores after chemoradiotherapy were positively correlated with the change of Hb,Alb,BMI parameters and percentage of weight decrease before and after chemoradiotherapy(rs=0.240,0.249,0.282,0.447,P<0.05).ConclusionThe poor understanding of malnutrition,the change of Hb,Alb,BMI parameters and percentage of body weight decrease before and after chemoradiotherapy are the nutritional increased risk factors in esophageal cancer patients after chemoradiotherapy.
esophageal neoplasms;concurrent chemoradiotherapy;nutritional risk;nutritional support
劉曉梅(1989-),在讀碩士,主要從事胸腹放療的研究。△
,E-mail:iskandara@126.com。
論著·臨床研究
10.3969/j.issn.1671-8348.2016.12.023
R735.1
A
1671-8348(2016)12-1656-03
2015-12-11
2016-01-18)