張 禛,范小瑞,席華明,梁亞俊,賀俊平
(山西農業大學動物科技學院,太谷 030801)
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熱應激對性成熟豬睪丸TGF-β3和Claudin-11蛋白表達的影響
張禛,范小瑞,席華明,梁亞俊,賀俊平*
(山西農業大學動物科技學院,太谷 030801)
旨在探討豬舍溫度37~40 ℃熱應激條件下,轉化生長因子β3(TGF-β3)和Claudin-11在豬睪丸的表達與定位。6頭性成熟長白公豬分成2組,3頭為熱應激組,置于溫度控制在37~40 ℃的豬舍環境,每天3 h,連續7 d,每天于熱處理結束后將豬趕回20~27 ℃正常豬舍環境中;另3頭為對照組,飼養于20~27 ℃正常豬舍環境中。7 d后取睪丸組織,采用qRT-PCR、Western blotting及免疫組織化學對豬睪丸TGF-β3和Claudin-11的表達進行研究。qRT-PCR結果顯示,與對照組相比,TGF-β3在熱應激組的mRNA相對表達量顯著升高(P<0.01),Claudin-11的mRNA相對表達量較對照組降低(P<0.05)。Western blotting結果顯示,熱應激處理組TGF-β3的蛋白表達較對照組升高(P<0.05),Claudin-11的蛋白表達較對照組下降(P<0.05)。免疫組織化學結果顯示,熱應激組TGF-β3免疫反應強陽性物定位于各級生精細胞和支持細胞,免疫陽性著色深度和范圍高于對照組,提示熱應激導致TGF-β3的表達增高;熱應激組Claudin-11表達與對照組相比明顯下降,對照組Claudin-11在血睪屏障位置呈明顯的帶狀表達,而熱應激組Claudin-11的表達局限在支持細胞周圍,失去明顯的血睪屏障帶狀表達。熱應激影響豬睪丸TGF-β3和Claudin-11的表達與定位,提示熱應激可能通過調節TGF-β3和Claudin-11的表達來影響精子發生。
熱應激;豬睪丸;精子發生;TGF-β3;Claudin-11
多數哺乳動物睪丸在溫度較體溫低2~8 ℃的陰囊中進行精子發生[1]。陰囊和睪丸溫度升高會干擾精子發生,導致精子畸形率升高、密度減少和活力降低。流行病學研究發現,焊工、面包師、鑄造工等,由于陰囊和睪丸持續受熱,是臨床男性不育的高發人群[2-3]。高溫影響其他哺乳動物精液品質也有大量研究報道。高溫季節公牛的精液品質明顯下降[4]。43 ℃熱處理猴睪丸30 min后,生精細胞凋亡增加[5-6]。在高溫條件下豬的精液品質下降,精子的成活率降低[7]。熱應激影響精子發生和精液品質的分子機制尚不清楚。
支持細胞是睪丸曲精小管內唯一與生精細胞直接接觸的體細胞,并為生精細胞的發育提供營養供給[8]。相鄰支持細胞之間由緊密連接形成血睪屏障(Blood-testis barrier,BTB),血睪屏障的存在及其完整性的保持是功能性精子發生所必需[9]。Claudin-11是支持細胞間緊密連接的基本組成蛋白之一[10],屬于Claudin家族的成員。Claudin-11表達于人[11]、小鼠[12]、兔[13]等睪丸曲精小管。來自恒河猴的研究表明,熱應激能改變恒河猴睪丸中支持細胞的形態和功能,進而誘導生精細胞凋亡,導致精子減少[14]。
一種轉化生長因子TGF-β3可能會下調C1audin-11的表達[15]。TGF-β3屬于TGF-βs[16],是TGF-β超家族的一員,具有廣泛的生物學效應,TGF-β3對生殖系統的調控機制是目前研究的前沿與熱點。研究發現,支持細胞緊密連接的組裝過程中,TGF-β3可以在短時間內抑制C1audin-11的表達,進而對支持細胞緊密連接屏障造成干擾[17]。熱應激處理小鼠睪丸后,TGF-β3表達量可逆性增高,推斷TGF-β3可能參與了對緊密連接相關蛋白表達的下調[18]。
睪丸熱應激嚴重影響豬精子發生和精液品質,但其分子機制尚不清楚。高溫是否影響TGF-β3和Claudin-11的表達,從而影響精子發生和精液品質,尚無相關報道。本研究以性成熟的公豬為對象,研究TGF-β3和C1audin-11在37~40 ℃熱應激情況下的基因表達變化,旨在探索熱應激影響豬精子發生的分子機制。
1.1試驗動物及樣品采集
6頭18月齡性成熟長白公豬來自山西省太谷縣的某養殖場,其中3頭為熱應激組(Heat stress group),置于溫度控制在37~40 ℃的豬舍環境,每天3 h,連續7 d,每天于熱處理后驅趕回20~27 ℃的豬舍環境;另外3頭為對照組(Control group),于20~27 ℃正常豬舍環境中飼養。7 d后手術摘除兩側睪丸,將睪丸組織切成小塊,部分組織放入液氮中,用于Western blotting檢測,部分睪丸組織置于Bouin’s固定液中,經浸蠟包埋后進行免疫組織化學檢測。
1.2主要試劑
RIPA強裂解液(碧云天公司產品);RNA提取試劑盒(Trizol Readent,Invitrogen公司產品);反轉錄試劑盒(QIAGEN公司產品);QuantiFast SYBR Green PCR Kit(QIAGEN公司產品);兔抗TGF-β3及Claudin-11多克隆抗體(北京博奧森生物技術有限公司產品);羊抗兔GAPDH單克隆抗體(Abcam公司產品);HRP-羊抗兔IgG及高靈敏度發光試劑盒(康為世紀公司產品);蛋白Marker(Thermo公司產品);硝酸纖維素膜(NC)(武漢博士德生物公司產品);DAB顯色劑(福州邁新試劑產品)。
1.3方法
1.3.1RNA提取和qRT-PCR的擴增Trizol法提取總RNA,凝膠電泳檢測其完整性,用ND-1000(NanDrop Technologies)測定其濃度。按照QIAGEN公司反轉錄試劑盒進行cDNA合成,反應體系為gDNA Wipeout Buffer(7×)2 μL;總 RNA 1 μg;加去RNA酶水至14 μL。體系混勻后,42 ℃反應2 min。將Quantiscript RT Buffer(5×)4 μL;RT Primer Mix 1 μL;Reverse-transcription master mix 1 μL,充分混勻后,置于PCR儀中,反應程序:42 ℃30 min;95 ℃3 min進行反應,-20 ℃保存cDNA。利用Primer premier 5.0軟件,并通過NCBI設計TGF-β3和Claudin-11的引物,引物由華大基因公司合成。引物序列見表1,退火溫度為60 ℃。
表1熒光定量PCR引物序列及擴增條件
Table 1Fluorescence quantitative PCR primer sequences and amplification conditions

目的基因Genes引物序列(5'-3')SequenceofprimerPCR產物/bpProductionTGF-β3F:TGGAAGCCATTAGGGGACAR:GCGGAAAATCTTGGAGGTG281Claudin-11F:GGTCTGCCAGCCATTCTCCTR:ACCAAACGCCTGGGCATCTC28518SrRNAF:GAAGGGCACCACCAGGAGTR:CAGACAAATCACTCCACCAA158
按照QIAGEN試劑盒進行熒光定量PCR,反應結束后,由熔解曲線判定PCR反應的特異性,并根據擴增曲線CT值,利用2-△△CT法計算TGF-β3和Claudin-11在熱應激組和對照組豬睪丸中相對表達水平。
1.3.2Western blotting使用RIPA強裂解液提取睪丸組織總蛋白,蛋白質的濃度用ND-1000微量核酸蛋白測定儀測定。上樣后進行SDS-PAGE電泳,電泳完畢轉移至NC膜,搖床上5%脫脂奶粉搖動封閉1 h。孵育一抗(1∶300 TGF-β3多克隆抗體,1∶200 Claudin-11多克隆抗體,1∶1 000 GAPDH單克隆抗體),4 ℃孵育過夜。TBST洗膜10 min×3次,HRP-羊抗兔IgG覆蓋NC膜,37 ℃孵育1 h。TBST洗膜5 min×6次,加入高靈敏度發光試劑進行顯色,暗室曝光獲取圖像,用Image-ProPlus6.0軟件對TGF-β3和C1audin-11結果分析,數據均用“Means±SE”表示,用SPSS19.0軟件進行單因素方差分析,P<0.05有統計學意義。
1.3.3免疫組織化學石蠟切片經二甲苯脫蠟、梯度酒精水化,加3%H2O2,置37 ℃孵育10 min,PBS緩沖液(pH=7.4)沖洗2 min×3次;用5%牛血清白蛋白(BSA)稀釋一抗,滴加1∶50稀釋的兔抗TGF-β3多克隆抗體和1∶50稀釋的兔抗Claudin-11多克隆抗體,4 ℃過夜;置37 ℃反應30 min,PBS緩沖液沖洗2 min×3次;滴加HRP標記的羊抗兔IgG,置37 ℃孵育40 min,PBS緩沖液沖洗2 min×3次;DAB顯色3 min。蘇木精復染15 min,經梯度酒精脫水、二甲苯透明、中性樹膠封片,顯微鏡下觀察。部分切片以非免疫兔血清代替一抗作為陰性對照切片。
2.1qRT-PCR擴增
qRT-PCR結果表明,TGF-β3在對照組中mRNA的相對表達量為(1.254±0.197),而在熱應激組中mRNA相對表達量升高,為(2.873±0.055),是對照組的2.291倍(P<0.01),二者表達差異極顯著(圖1A);對照組Claudin-11 mRNA的相對表達量為(0.917±0.050),在熱應激組Claudin-11 mRNA的相對表達量降低,為(0.710±0.101),對照組是熱應激組的1.292倍(P<0.05),二者表達差異顯著(圖1B)。
2.2Western blotting檢測
兔抗TGF-β3多克隆抗體可以與豬睪丸蛋白提取物中分子量約為47 ku的蛋白條帶發生免疫陽性反應(圖2A)。通過SPSS19.0軟件分析數據得到TGF-β3蛋白在對照組相對表達量為(1.171±0.178),熱應激組相對表達量升高,為(1.350±0.200),熱應激組TGF-β3表達量是對照組的1.153倍(P<0.05),兩者差異顯著(圖2B)。

A.TGF-β3;B.Claudin-11。Control.對照組;HS.熱應激組;*.P<0.05,**.P<0.01。下同A.TGF-β3;B.Claudin-11.Control.Control group;HS.Heat stress group;*.P<0.05;**.P<0.01.The same as below圖1 TGF-β3和Claudin-11 mRNA在對照組和熱應激組豬睪丸的相對表達量Fig.1 Relative expression level results of TGF-β3 and Claudin-11 mRNA in boar testis collected from control group and heat stress group
兔抗C1audin-11多克隆抗體可以與豬睪丸蛋白提取物中分子量約為22 ku的蛋白條帶發生免疫陽性反應(圖2A)。通過SPSS19.0軟件分析數據得到C1audin-11蛋白在對照組相對表達量為(0.698±0.062),熱應激組相對表達量下降,為(0.443±0.034),對照組C1audin-11的表達量是熱應激組的1.576倍(P<0.05),兩者差異顯著(圖2C)。
2.3免疫組織化學染色
2.3.1TGF-β3在豬睪丸中的免疫組織化學染色對照組TGF-β3免疫反應陽性物著色于精原細胞、精母細胞及圓形精子細胞的胞質中,呈陽性表達,在支持細胞胞質染色較淺,表達較弱(圖3A);熱應激組TGF-β3于各級生精細胞的胞質著色較對照組著色深,呈強陽性表達,在支持細胞胞質的著色也變深,表達增強(圖3B)。陰性對照切片以正常兔血清代替一抗,無特異性著色(圖3C)。
2.3.2Claudin-11在豬睪丸中的免疫組織化學染色對照組中Claudin-11定位于支持細胞質膜相應位置,在血睪屏障位置處呈明顯的帶狀表達,形成一條強陽性表達的連續帶(圖4A);熱應激組Claudin-11表達與對照組相比差異明顯,Claudin-11的表達局限在支持細胞周圍,失去明顯的血睪屏障帶狀表達(圖4B)。陰性對照切片以正常兔血清代替一抗,無特異性著色(圖4C)。
TGF-β3在哺乳動物睪丸中的表達已見有各種報道。V.Caussanel等[19]研究發現,TGF-β3表達于成熟期豬睪丸的支持細胞和分裂前期的生殖細胞。TGF-β3表達于雄性大鼠睪丸生精上皮的減數分裂前的精母細胞、支持細胞和圓形精子細胞[20-21]。本研究對照組免疫組織化學結果顯示,TGF-β3蛋白主要表達在豬睪丸各級精母細胞和支持細胞胞質中,與W.Xia等[20]、W.Y.Lui等[21]對大鼠睪丸,A.Wagener等[22]對鹿睪丸中的表達結果基本一致。

A.47和22 ku分別為TGF-β3多克隆抗體和Claudin-11多克隆抗體印記;B.TGF-β3在對照組和熱應激組中的相對表達量;C.Claudin-11在對照組和熱應激組中的相對表達量A.47 and 22 ku,respectively TGF-β3 polyclonal antibody and Claudin-11 polyclonal antibody imprint;B.Relative expression levels of TGF-β3 protein in control group and heat stress group;C.Relative expression levels of Claudin-11 protein in control group and heat stress group圖2 TGF-β3和Claudin-11表達免疫印跡分析結果Fig.2 Western blotting analysis results of the expression of TGF-β3 and Claudin-11
A.對照組;B.熱應激組;C.陰性對照組.Sg.精原細胞;Sp.精母細胞;Sc.支持細胞;RS.圓形精子細胞;標尺=25 μm。圖4同A.Control group;B.HS group;C.Negative control group.Sg.Spermatogonia;Sp.spermatocyte;Sc.Sertoli cell;R.S.Round spermatid;bar=25 μm.The same as Figure 4圖3 TGF-β3在豬睪丸的免疫組織化學表達和定位Fig.3 Immunohistochemical expression and localization result of TGF-β3 in boar testis

ES.長形精子細胞ES.Elongated spermatid圖4 Claudin-11在豬睪丸的免疫組織化學表達和定位Fig.4 Immunohistochemical expression and localization result of Claudin-11 in boar testis
Claudin-11是構成血睪屏障中支持細胞緊密連接重要的蛋白分子,C.J.Park等[23]研究表明,Claudin-11在野雞睪丸平行表達于生精上皮底部的基膜層。Claudin-11表達于成年羊駝睪丸支持細胞的基底部,在生精上皮形成連續帶[24]。C.J.Park等[25]發現Claudin-11表達在軟殼龜睪丸支持細胞胞質的下方。本研究對照組免疫組織化學結果顯示,Claudin-11主要平行表達于支持細胞的基底部,在血睪屏障對應處形成一條強陽性表達的連續帶,與C.J.Park等[23]對野雞睪丸,Q.Y.Guo等[24]對羊駝睪丸,C.J.Park等[25]對軟殼龜睪丸中的表達定位結果相似。
本研究熱應激組免疫組織化學結果顯示,TGF-β3于各級生精細胞和支持細胞胞質的著色較對照組深;Claudin-11的表達局限在支持細胞周圍,失去明顯的血睪屏障帶狀表達。根據qRT-PCR和Wertern blotting結果顯示,TGF-β3在熱應激組的mRNA和蛋白相對表達量較對照組升高;而熱應激處理卻導致C1audin-11的mRNA和蛋白相對表達量較對照組降低。推斷37~40 ℃熱處理豬睪丸后,TGF-β3表達升高,升高的TGF-β3可能下調Claudin-11的表達,這與H.Cai等[18]對小鼠睪丸,W.Y.Lui等[17]對大鼠睪丸的研究結果相似,但其機制有待進一步研究。
用睪丸支持細胞離體培養系統研究發現,TGF-β3通過激活p38 MAPK信號通路,調節緊密連接蛋白Claudin-11的表達,進而干擾支持細胞緊密連接屏障[21],這提示TGF-β3是調控支持細胞緊密連接屏障的一個重要因子。目前在所有的Claudin蛋白家族中,人們對Claudin-11的研究最多。據報道,敲除小鼠睪丸支持細胞中的Claudin-11,曲精小管內精子畸形率增高,精子活力降低,導致小鼠不育[26]。這提示Claudin-11對睪丸精子的發生有著重要意義。
綜上表明,推測熱應激導致豬睪丸TGF-β3表達升高,下調Claudin-11的表達,導致正常的精子發生受阻,進而影響精子發生和精液品質。
本研究結果表明,TGF-β3及血睪屏障緊密連接蛋白Claudin-11特異性定位和表達于性成熟豬睪丸中。37~40 ℃熱應激處理豬睪丸,TGF-β3表達升高,Claudin-11表達下降,提示熱應激可能經由調節這兩個基因的表達來影響精子發生。
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(編輯程金華)
Effect of Heat Stress on the Expression of TGF-β3 and Claudin-11 Protein in Mature Boar Testis
ZHANG Zhen,FAN Xiao-rui,XI Hua-ming,LIANG Ya-jun,HE Jun-ping*
(CollegeofAnimalScienceandVeterinaryMedicine,ShanxiAgriculturalUniversity,Taigu030801,China)
The purposes of this study was to explore the expression and location of TGF-β3 and Claudin-11 in the boar testis under heat stress (37-40 ℃) and normal temperature (20-27 ℃).Six boars (Landrace,18 months of age) were used and divided into 2 groups.3 boars were homed in a thermo-controlled temperature (37-40 ℃,3 h daily,consecutive 7 d) house as a heat stress group.After heat treatment,the boars were driven back to normal temperature (20-27 ℃).The other 3 boars were homed in 20-27 ℃ house as a control group.7 days later,all boars were castrated and the testis tissues were harvested.qRT-PCR,Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to explore the changes of mRNA and protein in response to heat treatment.qRT-PCR showed that relative expression levels of TGF-β3 mRNA significantly increased (P<0.01),while relative expression levels of Claudin-11 mRNA decreased(P<0.05) in heat treatment group compared with the control.Western blotting found that the expression levels of TGF-β3 protein significantly increased(P<0.05)in heat treatment group,while the expression levels of Claudin-11 protein decreased(P<0.05)compared with the control.Immunohistochemistry results showed that:TGF-β3 immunoreactivity staining was observed in all stages of germ cells and Sertoli cells in both heat stress group and the control,and the depth and area of the positive staining in heat stress group were higher than that of the control;Claudin-11 immunoreactivity staining decreased in heat stress boars compared with the control in that Claudin-11 immunoreactivity staining localized in a consecutive strand area corresponding to the blood-testis barrier in the testis of control boars,while Claudin-11 immunoreactivity staining was limited to Sertoli cells and no obvious immunoreactivity strand that could be found in heat stress group.Then we could get a conclusion that heat stress damaged the sperm quality and spermatogenesis maybe partly via heat stress increased the expression of TGF-β3 and decreased the expression of Claudin-11 in boar testis.
heat stress;boar testis;spermatogenesis;TGF-β3;Claudin-11
10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2016.10.023
2016-04-25
國家自然科學基金項目(31470124)
張禛(1991-),男,山西陽泉人,碩士生,主要從事基礎獸醫學研究,E-mail:18935445461@163.com
賀俊平,E-mail:dnhjp@163.com
S852.1
A
0366-6964(2016)10-2136-07